Why is life impossible without plants?

1)They can't speak English,..?
2) They can speak Russian,..?
3) They mustn't speak Russian in class,..?

reduced to a minimum. They exist, but are limited to a small area of the economy. Karl Marx conceived of a world in which there would be no private property whatsoever. Communism in theory states that all property should belong to the State. In practice, however, the citizens of state like Cuba are permitted to have personal effects. The important thing about the communist system is its central planning. The State organizes the whole economic effort of the nation. A central authority with complete power decides what goods and services will be produced. The authority decides what quantities of goods will be produced, and also controls their quality, deciding how they will be distributed and what prices will be charged for them. In addition, the State provides all or most of the services which the citizens require. It is responsible for the economy, and is therefore concerned with methods of production as well as with quality and quantity. The national economy must be planned ahead over a number of years.

Exercise 1. Answer your questions, basing your answers on the text.

a. What two things are greatly reduced in a communistic system?

b. What area do they occupy in the economy?
c. What did Karl Marx proposed about private property?
d. What is the theoretical communist view on property?
e. What is the position in practice?
f. What does the state so in the communistic system of central planning?
g. What two decisions does the central authority make?
h. What does the authority control?
i. What can the authority do about prices?
j. What is the state responsible for and what must it do?

Exercise 2. Make these sentences passive, omitting the agent phrase.

EXAMPLE: The government reduced private property to the minimum.

Private property was reduced to the minimum.

a. The government limited private enterprise to a small area in the economy.

. They permit the citizens to have personal property.
c. The workers will produce only essential commodities.
d. That factory produced a large quantity of shoes last year.
e. You will charge more money for these services.
f. The central authority must plan the economy over a number of years.
g. The authorities provided large numbers of workers for the ten new factories.
h. The government reduced the quantity of shoes produced in tat factory.
i. The State organized the whole economic effort of the nation.
j. The central authority has planned the whole economic programme for the next five years.

Exercise 3. Combine these pairs of sentences, using what and would.

EXAMPLE: This quantity of goods will be produced. The planners decided it.

The planners decided what quantity of goods would be produced.

a. These goods and services will be produced. The central authority decided it.

. These prices will be changed for the goods. The planners decided it.
c. This quality will be most suitable. The government considered it.
d. This commercial activity will be useful in the next few years. The planning authority decided it.
e. These changes will be made in the organization of the factory. The employers and employees discussed it.
f. These conditions will affect the national economy in the next twenty years. The economists considered the matter.

the plant now. 2. I never (to be) to St. Petersburg yet. 3. What films you (to see) this week? 4. The accident happened after the new bus driver (to drive) a few yards. 5. I didn’t know Mirabel. I never (to Greg her book couldn’t lend Eugenie 6. her. meet) because she (to lose) it. 7. By the end of this century the population (to grow) to three billion. 8. Mike (to receive) the letter by next Friday or not? 9. Galkin (not to look) through the mail yet. 10. I (not to pay) the bill by the end of the week. 11. I just (to finish) my work. 12. He (to look) through newspapers yet? 13. He already (to sell) all his goods. 14. Sally (to sign) all the documents before she left for lunch. 15. Sue (to drive) home by midnight tomorrow. 16. They already (to run) through the agenda for the day? 17. Mr Black (not/to make) an appointment on the phone yet. 18. I didn’t know Clare. I never (to see) her before. 19. The train (to start) when they arrived at the station. 20. Terry (to sew) her new dress by the end of this week. 21. I already (to write) my composition. May I go out? 22. How many pages of this book you (to read)? 23. Mike just (receive) a letter. 24. We already (to tidy) all the rooms when the guests arrived. 25. I (to carry) out all my duties by the end of this month. 26. What you (to do) for your homework? 27. The students (to learn) all the words by the time their teacher came. 28. You ever (to be) to St. Petersburg? 29. We (not/to post) the letter before they arrived. 30. What (to happen)? Why is she crying?

Вариант 3 What is Вариант 4 Who was Вариант 5 Why was

задание : complet e the sentences below with
words from the box.
mammal
species
cell
environment
composition
threatened
adapt
diseases
crops
building blocks
1 Unfortunately, the growth of cities
often means wildlife is
with extinction.
2 A is an animal that feeds its
babies milk.
3 Farmers that grow like
cereals and vegetables normally have to
work very hard.
4 The smallest, basic structural and functional
unit of life is a
5 Serious illnesses are known as ..
6 What something is made of is its
Z It's amazing how animals can
to changes in their living conditions.
8 There are many different
of butterfly.
9 Humankind's actions have often had a
negative effect on the
10 The most basic parts of something can be
called . Сам текст :I am writing this letter to welcome all of you
who are about to begin your first year course in
Biology here at the university. You might think
it is a little early for me to ask you to think
about what you will do when you leave here in
three years' time. However, our science, like
any other, has so many different areas it is
impossible for you to study them all. The first
thing you will need to think about is
specialising. This letter is to offer you some
suggestions to think about for your future.
As you know, there are four main areas of
biology that we shall concentrate on in the
coming years. Biology can be divided into
zoology, the study of animal life, and botany,
the study of plant life. We shall also study
molecular biology, the study of how the
building blocks of living things, the cells, work.
Another topic of interest is genetics, how
biological information is passed on from one generation to the next: that is, inheritance. You
should specialise, but you will also need to
know about all of these four areas of study.
Plants and animals do not live separately from
each other; all living things are made up of cells
and one of the things genetics tells us is how
plants and animals adapt to the conditions
around them.
So what about after the course is over and you
have graduated in Biology? Can you have a
career in biology? For those who choose to
specialise in genetics or molecular biology
there are important career opportunities in
medicine. At the present time, there is a great
deal of research going on in gene therapy where
biologists are working with doctors and
chemists to find new ways of treating diseases.
Other biologists are looking at ways of changing
the genetic composition of the plants we grow
for food; of making them more able to fight
diseases and at the same time produce
more food.
We are experiencing a period of climatic change
too, and this is having an effect on the way
animals and plants live. The science of ecology
is becoming more and more important;
biologists who specialise in zoology are working
in many parts of the world. Some are working to
protect species like the tiger, which are
seriously threatened by climate change. Others
are investigating wildlife from the smallest
insects to the largest mammals, trying to
understand how they all live together. Botanists
are looking at the effect new types of food crops
have on the environment and how changes in
that area can affect our general health. There is
even a new area of biology called astrobiology,
which is looking at the possibilities of life on
other planets - but perhaps that is something
for the more distant future.
Whatever you specialise in, as long as there is
life on this (or any other) planet, there is work
for a biologist.
Good luck and enjoy your studies!
Jean Shearer
Professor of Biology
Задание 2 : E Comprehension
Read the text and answer the questions
in your own words.
1 What four areas can biology be divided into?
2 If you are interested in cells, which area
should you study?
3 How can zoologists help animals in the wild?
4 In what way can botanists protect people and
the environment?
5 What is astrobiology?

of Utah. The city was founded in 1847 by a group of Mormon pioneers led by their prophet, Brigham Young, who fled hostility and violence in the Midwest. Mining booms and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth. In the 21st century the city has developed a strong outdoor recreation tourism industry (skiing and biking), become the industrial banking center of the U.S, and served as host to the 2002 Winter Olympics.

2) The first Europeans to settle in the valley were the Latter-day Saints on July 24, 1847. They had traveled beyond the boundaries of the United States seeking an isolated area to practice their religion, away from the hostility they had faced in the East. They found the large valley empty of any human settlement. Only four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the site for the Salt Lake Temple.

3) Constructed on Temple Square, in\on the center of …… city, the temple took 40 years to complete, being started in\at 1853 and dedicated on April 6, 1893. ……temple has become iconic of the city and is the centerpiece of the city. The Mormon pioneers organized …… new state and …… United States Congress established the Utah Territory. Great Salt Lake City became its capital in 1858. The city is located in\on the northeast corner of the Salt Lake Valley. The Jordan River flows through\across the city and is drainage of Utah Lake that empties into the Great Salt Lake. …… highest mountaintop visible from\out of Salt Lake City is Twin Peaks, which reaches 11,489 feet (3502 m).

4) As Salt Lake City is the headquarters for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), there are many historic and actual LDS sites around the city. The largest is Temple Square, which includes the Salt Lake Temple and visitors' centers that are open to the public, free of charge. Temple Square also includes the historic Tabernacle, home of the world-famous Mormon Tabernacle Choir. The Family History Library, the largest genealogical library in the world, is located just west of Temple Square. It is run by the LDS Church and is open to the public and free of charge.

5) Near the mouth of Emigration Canyon lies This Is The Place Heritage Park, which recreates typical 19th century LDS pioneer life. Hogle Zoo is located across\through the street from …… park. …… City's largest public park, Liberty Park features …… lakewith\since an island in …… middle and the Tracy Aviary. The park is home to a large number of birds, both wild and in the aviary. The Bonneville Shoreline Trail is …… popular hiking and biking nature trail which spans ninety …… miles through the foothills of the Wasatch Front.

6) Tourism to the city has increased as\like …… result of the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake. The former Olympic venues are …… very popular attractions for many visitors. The Utah Olympic Park features the Olympic ski jumps, too\as well as bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton runs. Today, the Olympic Park is used for year-round training and competitions. The Utah Olympic Oval was …… home to …… speed skating events and is now open for\to the public.

7) Salt Lake City is also home to a few major shopping centers. Trolley Square is an indoor and outdoor mall with many independent art boutiques, restaurants, and national retailers. The Gateway District, an outdoor shopping mall, is the city's newest major shopping center and has many national restaurants, clothing retailers, a movie theater, the Clark Planetarium, the Discovery Gateway, a music venue called The Depot, and the Olympic Legacy Plaza.

№9 Прочитайте текст еще раз и письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1) What religion is connected with the name of Salt Lake City?
2) What is the center of the city?
3) Why is Salt Lake City so attractive for visitors?
4) What places in the city are interesting for visitors?