ПЕРЕВЕДИТЕ ПОЖАЛУЙСТА С ГРАММАТИКОЙ!? Three ladies were discussing the travails of getting older. one said, "sometimes I catch myself with a jar

KINGDOM

1. Britons, and the English in particular, are notoriously undemonstrative. The “stuff upper lip” is not just the stuff of fiction and emotional displays, positive or negative, are generally frowned upon. Gestures such as backslapping and hugging are discouraged and a wide distance should be maintained between participants in a conversation. Maintaining eye contact may be necessary when you are trying to emphasize important points but you must avoid any temptation to “eye-ball”. Talking loudly is unacceptable and shouting is beyond the pale. Some old-fashioned interlocutors may not hear you if you have your hands in your pockets. The British do not gesticulate frantically.

2. Introductions can be tricky. Ideally the British prefer third-party introductions but in certain situations, like a drinks party, it may not always be possible and, though awkward, you may just have to go ahead and introduce yourself. Firm handshakes are the norm as part of a formal introduction but may not be expected at subsequent meetings or on social occasions; a gentleman should always wait for a woman to proffer her hand before squeezing it gently. The continental habit of exchanging kisses has gained currency especially amongst the young and the affected but is not recommended for visitors – even the natives are unsure of the correct procedure.

3. “How do you do?” is a greeting not a question. It is used when people are introduced for the first time only and the correct response is to repeat “How do you do?” which is a more or less sincere enquiry as to your well-being.

4. This emotional detachment or even apparent indifference also explains the British abhorrence of Americanisms such as “Have a nice day”. The objection lies not in the sentiment itself but in the lack of sincerity that is implied to the stand-offish British mentality.

5. If the British use few words, it is because they prefer to mean those they do use. They are polite and courteous for the most part. They expect to be treated with respect, in turn for which they will treat you with respect, so: – if there is a queue, go to the back of the line and wait patiently; - do not use the “V” – sign (raising the index and middle fingers) unless you are sure which is the Churchillian version signifying peace or victory (palm outwards); the use of the alternative version (palm inwards) is less common nowadays but is still vulgar and offensive.

6. A service charge of 10-15 % is almost always included in hotel and restaurant bills and you should be wary of establishments that leave the credit card slip open for you to include an additional contribution (if you wish to reward exceptional service give cash directly to the staff). Do not tip bar staff in pubs where there is no table service. Otherwise taxi drivers (especially in London), hairdressers, porters, etc. will expect 10-15 % or a couple of pounds, whichever is the greater.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What kind of people are Britons?

2. What kind of introductions do the British prefer?

3. What does “How do you do?” mean in Britain?

4. What are the norms of public behaviour in Britain?

Yes, (he bought a red tie)

discussing) the terms of payment when Mr. Dunbar arrived.

3. Every day at 8 a.m. the Sales Manager (instructs/ is instructing) the employees.

4. The Sales Manager (is instructing/ was instructing) the employees at 8.10 yesterday. 5. Mr. Jefferson (was looking/ were looking) through the draft contract at 3.30.

6. I (tried/ was trying) to get through to Ms. Churchill from 1 to 2 yesterday.

7. When I saw the manager yesterday, he (was getting/ got) ready for the meeting.

8. When the phone (rang/ was ringing), I (talked/ was talking) to the client.

9. Last week the Managing Director (received/ was receiving) some French businessmen and (was discussing/ discussed) the terms of the future contract with them.

10. The Director is busy now: he (was receiving/ is receiving) the businessmen from France.

TEXT 6

Williams and Sons is a medium-sized British company which manufactures door hinges for the motor industry. The home market share of Williams and Sons is static but overseas trade has always been an attractive option. The company has a showroom and also has always promoted its products at trade fairs, exhibitions and seminars in the UK. They have had some contacts with overseas buyers and other foreign visitors.
Step by step they have decided through reading, talking and listening to other people that there are export possibilities for the company’s product. Several years ago the company decided to study the possibility of selling their product to the US market. First they closely examined several things: their product, human resources, and the prospects of gaining profit.
Then they did more detailed research. The owner of the company attended an international trade exhibition in the US. There he found out the offers of the competitors and met some potential customers. Finally, market research showed that sales opportunities were excellent. The Board of the directors was pleased with the results and decided to get down to business immediately. They made contacts by letter and telephone with possible agents when a crucial problem stopped the work. Their safety and quality tests, quite good for UK and European regulations, were not acceptable in the USA.
Their task was to rewrite test specifications, upgrade their test equipment and retrain personnel.
The results over the last five years have proven that the Board’s decision was correct. Orders from the USA have increased and the company is now considering the possibility of setting up its own manufacturing plant there. The company is also looking forward to other overseas markets.




TEXT 7

BUSINESS MEETING
On Friday 11th August Paul Harding looked in his diary. He had an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Rawson, the local manager of the General Company for Foreign Trade.
The GCFT was in the City. Its offices were on the fifth, sixth and seventh floors of a very tall building. The enquiry office was on the ground floor. Inside the company building the woman in the enquiry office telephoned Miss Wells, the manager’s secretary. She arrived and accompanied Paul to her room on the fifth floor. Miss Well had an office next to Mr. Rawson’s. As soon as her boss was free, she buzzed him on the intercom. Mr. Rawson immediately asked her to show Paul into the office.

RAWSON Ah! Mr. Harding. Come in, please. My name is Rawson.
HARDING How do you do?
RAWSON How do you do? Please sit down. Did you have a good trip?
HARDING Yes, thank you. Not at all bad.
RAWSON Good! Now this morning I want you to meet some of our heads of Department… Miss Wells, ask Mr. Jones to come in here, please.
WELL I’m afraid Mr. Jones is not available… Mr. Smith is not available either. But Mrs. Collier’s here.
RAWSON Good. Ask her to come in, please. When were you here last, Mr. Harding?
HARDING Oh! I was here about six months ago.
RAWSON Did you meet Mrs. Collier then?
HARDING No, I didn’t I’m afraid.
RAWSON Well, she’s my Personal Assistant. You will like her. She’s a very charming lady… Ah, Mrs. Collier.
COLLIER Please, don’t get up.
RAWSON I’d like to introduce you a colleague from America. Mrs. Collier, Mr. Harding.
HARDING How do you do?
COLLIER How do you do?

PROPERTY LAW:The Issue of RightsLaw may be broken into Criminal Law and Civil Law. Civil Law may be brokeninto Property Law, Contract Law and Tort Law. Each of these three may be brokeninto law and equity components. But it is Property Law which brings a need for theother many types of Civil Law. It is the right of private property ownership ("mine,not yours") which gives the need for Property Law. If there is no right to privateproperty, then the king owns everything and punishes any who violates the laws hemakes to protect what is his.Well, if two of the actions in trespass were based upon injury to property or toproperty rights, a law of property would be required so that we could determinewho owned what, or had what rights in what property. If you damage my property,we need Tort Law, if I want to sell the land to you we need Contract Law; if I wantyou to get my property when I die, we need Inheritance Law; if I want to pay bycheck, we need Negotiable Instruments Law; if we want to be merchants ormanufacturers of products, we need Merchant Law; we need remedies andprocedure to make law work for us when someone breaches the law.Thus Property Law asks:What are the respective rights: ownership - possession - use, present or future,contingent or certain, etc. of competing parties (that is, whose rights are thehigher)?Is the proof sufficient to tip the scales?What needs to be done to uphold, or protect the rights?Because of the importance attached to ownership of property and the means ofproduction as well as the right to peaceable enjoyment, damages did not need to beshown to bring and win a case in Property Law. The earliest cases were all strictliability: volitionally do an act and you are liable without regards to the state ofyour mind. However, the state of your mind might effect the damage question.Now for some of the words of Property Law:Real, personal, and mixed (fixtures) property:tangible and intangible property; legal and equitable interests.Ownership, possession, and use of property:claims for damage: nuisance, trespass; defenses: estoppel, laches length of time ofclaim: privity; tacking.Private, public, and common property rights (interests):current, future, and contingent property rights;some types: remainder and reversion; conditions subsequent; life estate; trusts;dower; equitable servitudes; termination: surrender or abandonment.

lasts from September till June for students. 4. The female-(act) performed very terrific and were very beautiful 5. In (add) the topic was not discussed in public. 6. He has (allergic) to cats and can’t live with them in the same flat. 7. When I was little I (allow) to watch funny cartoons late in the evening 8. The man took some drugs and was (addict) 9. The old lady suffered from (anxious) according to everything. 10. I am mad about my new classmate’s (appear). 11. He was so (argument) that everybody listened to him with attention. 12. They’ve filled (apply) forms and now they are waiting for the results. 13. The teacher checks the (attend) of all pupils. 14. He was (attract)-charming. 15. It was an (believe) story. Nobody could say a word. 16. The (builder) were working from 3 till 8 yesterday. 17. She felt (comfort) and decided to leave. 18. He was shy and (communicate). 19. The (compete) will be next month. 20. The (crime) situation in our city is very (danger) 21. This newspaper is (day) 22. My mother’s (decide) are not discussed.