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- Набор инструкций ;
- Блок памяти;
- Форма двоичного кодирования ;
- Контрольные сигналы , которые нужно вернуть на обработку ;
- Параметр изменений в измерительном процессе ;
- Кристалл интегральной схемы;
- Кристалл интерфейса ввода / вывода;
- Большая интегральная схема ;
- Система промышленного управления ;
- Сохранение и корректировки ;
- Большое количество данных и информации;
- Двоичная цифра ;
- Схема синхронизации ;
- Выполнять ;
- Предшественник ;
- Соответствующий ;
- Точность , аккуратность ;
- Придавать особого значения ;
- Внешний.
WHAT CAN COMPUTERS DO?


From the first electronic digital

computers of the forties to today’s versatile computers and most up-to-date

microcomputers, very little has changed as far as basic computer operation is

concerned. In the last thirty years, vast improvement in the size, speed and

capabilities of computers have taken place. But today digital computers still

use the same logical operations as their predecessors. There are many basic concepts that

can be applied to all types of computers, including microcomputers.


For the most part, human beings can do whatever

computers can do, but computers can do it with much greater speed and accuracy,

though computers perform all their calculations and operations one step at a

time. A computer is faster and more accurate than people, but unlike most

people it must be given a complete set of instructions that tell it exactly

what to do at each step of its operation. This set of instructions, called a

programme, is prepared by one or more persons for each job a computer is to do.

These programmes are placed in the computer memory unit in binary-coded form,

with each instruction having unique code.


Computers are often used in applications where the

results of their calculations are required immediately to be used in process controlling.

These are called real-time applications; they are often found in industrial

process control in industries such as paper mills, oil refineries, chemical

plants, and many others. The measuring systems send their signals to the

computer which processes them and responds with appropriate control signals to

be sent back to the process. Computers in present use range considerably: from

tiny things to big fellows. The microcomputer, for one, is the smallest and the

newest member of the computer family. It usually consists of several integrated

circuit chips, including a microprocessor chip, memory chips, and input /

output interface chips which are the result of tremendous advances in


large-scale integration.


Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers,

they are widely used in industrial control systems, scientific institutions,

and research laboratories. Although more expensive than microcomputers,

minicomputers continue to be widely used because they are generally faster and

possess more capabilities.


The largest computers (“maxicomputers”)

are those found in research centers, large scientific laboratories, big

universities. Most of the computer principles and concepts are common to all

categories of computers, although there can be tremendous variations from

computer to computer.


A question sometimes arises whether

computers are able to think. As a matter of fact they do not think. It is the

computer programmer who provides a programme of instructions and data which

specifies every detail of what to do, how to do, and when to do it. The

computer is simply a high-speed machine which can manipulate data, solve

problems, and make decisions, all under the control of the programme. If the

programmer makes a mistake in the programme or puts in the wrong data, the

computer will produce wrong results.


Every computer contains five

essential elements or units: the arithmetical logical unit, the memory unit,

the control unit, the input unit, and the output unit.


The arithmetical logical unit is

the area of the computer in which arithmetical and logical operations are

performed on data.


The memory unit stores groups of

binary digits (words) that can represent instructions (programme) which the

computer is to perform and the data that are to be operated on by the

progrmamme.


The input unit consists of all

the devices used to take information and data that are external to the computer

and put it into the memory unit. The output unit consists of the devices used

to transfer data and information from the computer to the outside world. The

control unit directs the operation of all the other units by providing timing

and control signals. This unit contains logic and timing circuits that generate

the signal necessary to execute each

instruction in a programme.

Northern Ireland. England, Wales and Scotland occupy the territory of Great Britain. Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of Ireland. The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244,000 square kilometres, it takes the 75th place among other countries in the world. The population is more than 57 million. About 80% of the population is urban. The capital of the country is London. Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel which is 34 km wide in its narrowest point. The country is also washed by the North Sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The surface of Great Britain varies greatly. The northern and western parts of the country is mountainous and is called the Highlands. All the rest (south, east and centre) is a vast plain which is called the Lowlands. The mountains are not very high. The rivers are not long. The most important of them are the Severn, the Thames, the Trent . There are many beautiful lakes in the mountainous parts of the country. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of Great Britain. It is mild the whole year round. Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, chemicals and textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. 7 per cent of the population is engaged in farming. Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous educational centres are Oxford and Cambridge universities. They are considered to be the intellectual centres of Europe. The education is not free, it is very expensive. The United Kingdom is a monarchy and the Queen is the head of the state. But in practice it is ruled by the

elected government with a Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It sits in the House of Parliament in Westminster.

There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The Labour party with Antony Blair at the head is the ruling party nowadays. There’s no written constitution in Great Britain only precedents and traditions.


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is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands. Great Britain and Ireland , and about five thousands small islands. Their total area is over 244 000 square kilometre. The United Kihgdom is one of the world's smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 percent of the population is urban. The United Kihgdom is made up of four countries : England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London , Cardiff, Edinburg and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists England , Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech Great Britain is used in the meaning of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital of the UK is London. The British Isles are separated from the Continent by the North Sea and the British Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The North of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands. The South , which has beautiful valleys and plains , is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous , but the eastern , central and south-eastern parts of England are a vast plain , Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountainous ( 1343 m ). There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain , but they are not very long. The Seven is the longest river , while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.

it is not a true story. It was imagined and written years ago by an englishman named Daniel Defoe. He was the first man to tell story in such a way as to make people believe it to be true. Although the adventure of Robinson Crusoe are imaginary, they might have happened in real life.

At the beginning of his story, Robinson Crusoe tells us that his father wanted him to become a lawyer, but that he himself wanted to become a sailor. His father, a wise and rather stern man, gave him serious advice, telling him that adventures abroad were best fitted either for rough and uneducated men or for men of superior fortune.

simultaneously to a filler metal in the form of wire or welding rod, which is melted to the joint. Are welding is the most important welding process for joining steels. It requires a continuous supply of either direct or alternating electrical current. The most widely used are tance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded, the parts are subjected to great pressure, and a heavy current is applied for a short period. Thr point where two metals touch creates resistance to the flow widely employed in many fields of sheet metal or wire manufacturing and is often used for welds made by automatic or semi-automatic machines especially in automobile industry.