1 was being delivered 2 has been exported 3 are grown 4. will be

1. Elizabeth I used to visit Cambridge.
2. Oxford is the oldest European university.

Transistor, resistor, capacitor, contractor, processor.

LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION IN ELECTRONICS

The most advancing technology of the present industrial age is that of electronics. The introduction of the transistor in its day seemed a marvel of compactness compared with the glass vacuum tube. Now the size of electronic devices has been reduced by 10 every five years which has led to a great compression. When the term microelectronics first came into use, a chip of silicon a tenth of a square inch might hold 10 to 20 transistors, together with a few diodes, capacitors and resistors. Now such chips can contain thousands of separate electronic components.

Before the appearance of the transistor each type of component in an electronic circuit was made from one or more materials with the required electrical characteristics. For example, carbon was used for resistors, ceramics and a dielectric for capacitors, tungsten for emitters in vacuum tubes and so on. These components were then used like building blocks in creating a circuit with specified characteristics and responses. Circuits were combined into systems, such as a radio transmitter, a radio receiver, a radar set or a computer.

From the earliest days electronics has been a technology of complex interconnections. A small radar set can easily have as many interconnections as an oil refinery. To simplify a system design and reduce the number of interconnections engineers developed a series of standard circuit modules. Each module performed a specific function and was used as logical building block for creating the systems. The transistor could readily be assembled with resistors and capacitors of about the same size on a small plastic board. These modular circuit boards of the size of a playing card could then be plugged together as needed.

As transistor technology developed it was important to decrease the size of components and the length of interconnections. The physical limit of finding room for connections in an ever decreasing area was fast approaching. This limitation and the complexity of system design made the search for a new technology imperative.

The technology that resulted was microelectronics embodied in the integrated circuit. It made possible to produce (as a part of a single chip of silicon) transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors joining them into a complete circuit.

The technology that produces such high-density electronic circuits is called large-scale integration, or LSI. Although the term has no precise definition, it is usually reserved for integrated circuits that comprise 100 or more “gates”, or individual circuit functions, with a density of 50,000 to 100,000 components per square inch. If the upper value could be achieved throughout a cubic inch of material, the density of electronic components would be about a fourth of the density of nerve cells in the human brain.

It now seems inevitable that microelectronic circuits, including LSI, will soon find their way into a variety of new applications which will have great impact on industry and everyday life.

1. Modern telephone systems meet the individual requirements.
2. We have been testing the equipment since the beginning of the year.
3. Investigations and researches are held in 63 research laboratories and scientific groups that are united in the MTUCI research center.
4. During recent years, ATM has continued to grow in the fiber-optic community under high
standards for performance set by International Telecommunications Union (ITU).
5. Developing countries are rapidly expanding the reach of their telephone systems in
underserved and unserved areas.
6. Each letter of the alphabet will have its own "miscellaneous" file.
7. Some years later the crystal detectors of the wireless era were replaced by radio tubes.
8. New thermal power station will be designed by our engineers.

следующих прилагательных.
Образец:
late — later — the latest

reduced to a minimum. They exist, but are limited to a small area of the economy. Karl Marx conceived of a world in which there would be no private property whatsoever. Communism in theory states that all property should belong to the State. In practice, however, the citizens of state like Cuba are permitted to have personal effects. The important thing about the communist system is its central planning. The State organizes the whole economic effort of the nation. A central authority with complete power decides what goods and services will be produced. The authority decides what quantities of goods will be produced, and also controls their quality, deciding how they will be distributed and what prices will be charged for them. In addition, the State provides all or most of the services which the citizens require. It is responsible for the economy, and is therefore concerned with methods of production as well as with quality and quantity. The national economy must be planned ahead over a number of years.

Exercise 1. Answer your questions, basing your answers on the text.

a. What two things are greatly reduced in a communistic system?

b. What area do they occupy in the economy?
c. What did Karl Marx proposed about private property?
d. What is the theoretical communist view on property?
e. What is the position in practice?
f. What does the state so in the communistic system of central planning?
g. What two decisions does the central authority make?
h. What does the authority control?
i. What can the authority do about prices?
j. What is the state responsible for and what must it do?

Exercise 2. Make these sentences passive, omitting the agent phrase.

EXAMPLE: The government reduced private property to the minimum.

Private property was reduced to the minimum.

a. The government limited private enterprise to a small area in the economy.

. They permit the citizens to have personal property.
c. The workers will produce only essential commodities.
d. That factory produced a large quantity of shoes last year.
e. You will charge more money for these services.
f. The central authority must plan the economy over a number of years.
g. The authorities provided large numbers of workers for the ten new factories.
h. The government reduced the quantity of shoes produced in tat factory.
i. The State organized the whole economic effort of the nation.
j. The central authority has planned the whole economic programme for the next five years.

Exercise 3. Combine these pairs of sentences, using what and would.

EXAMPLE: This quantity of goods will be produced. The planners decided it.

The planners decided what quantity of goods would be produced.

a. These goods and services will be produced. The central authority decided it.

. These prices will be changed for the goods. The planners decided it.
c. This quality will be most suitable. The government considered it.
d. This commercial activity will be useful in the next few years. The planning authority decided it.
e. These changes will be made in the organization of the factory. The employers and employees discussed it.
f. These conditions will affect the national economy in the next twenty years. The economists considered the matter.

was taught a lot of subjects at school. 5. Nick was sent to the baker"s to buy a loaf of brown bread. 6. They will never be shown these films. 7. Who has been told about the incident? 8. Tom is being offered an apple.
переведите

to remember where he knew him from. A staring B inspecting C seeing 3. Linda, …….. is very keen on computers, is studying to be a graphic designer. A. who B that C which 4. Harry is very ……… to his friends and will never disappoint them. A. caring B. patient C. loyal 5. The birth of their baby son brought ……. many changes to James and Lilly’s life. A. off B. up C. about 6. When Helen got to the station, the train …….. . A. just left B. had just left C has just left 7. Unless you …….. me what’s wrong, I can’t help you. A. don’t tell B. tell C. ‘ll tell 8. Some tracs on this CD are extremely ……….. . A. perfect B. excellent C. impressive 9. You …….. see a dentist about that toothache of yours. A. better B. should C. ought 10. Emma’s friend lives very close to her, so she always goes to her house …….. foot. A. by B. on C. with 11. Our teacher made the whole class …….. back after school. A. to stay B. stay C. staying 12. She said she ……. away the following weekend. A. was going to be B. had been c will be 13. Environmental organizations work towards the ………… of the natural environment. A. emission B. conservation C. adoption 14. These jeans are too big for you; you need to take them ……… . A. in B. up C. out 15 How long …….. about this? A are you knowing B do you know C have you known 16 Melanie wishes she …… the offer they made her. A would accept B accepts C had accepted 17 Marco wants to improve his listening skills in English, so he watches English films without ………. . A subtitles B scripts C headings 18 You can’t use the printer; it’s ……….. of order. A away B out C down 19 Someone’s left the front door open; I …… it immediately. A ‘m closing B ‘ll close C ‘ll be closing 20 Mildred’s out …….. some errands; do you want to wait for her? A having B going on C running 21 Stephen told his brother ……… his laptop without asking him first. A don’t use B not to use C to not use 22 The book I’ve been reading ………. in the future. A sets B has set C is set 23 Tom’s starting ………. at his new job is 30,000 euros a years. A salary B debt C wage 24 fruit and vegetables are rich ………….. vitamins and minerals. A on B of C in I’m afraid I don’t have time to chat. I ………… in a few minutes. A am leaving B leave C going to leave 26 ian was jogging in the park when he ………… someone calling for help. A heard b was hearing C had heard 27 It was such a pleasant surprise to run ……….. my old teacher at the theatre! A over B into C away 28 lucy ….. to an Indian restaurant before, and she’s really enjoying it. a has never been B. has never eaten C has never gone 29 Sarah wants to …….. in her school’s singing competition. A participate b attend c apply 30 Tonya was making a salad …….. her sister was laying the table A until b while C after 31 The ground was covered ……….. fallen leaves. A of B with C by 32 The stories we heard about our neighbours ……… to be true. A turned out b made up C went off 33 The giant panda is a(n) ……… species that needs our protection. A fatal b harmed C endangered 34 If I had known you were coming, I …………. something for dinner. A would have cooked B would cook C had cooked 35 Judy needs to replace the lens in her camera, because it’s ……… . A charged b scratched C jammed 36 They heard someone screaming in the next room and ……………. in to see what was wrong. 37 It’s no use crying over spilt ………; there’s nothing we can do now. A water b tea c milk 38 Our hotel room had an amazing ……… of the snowy mountains. A scenery B view C setting 39 The law clearly states that all car drivers and passengers ……….. wear a seat belt. A may B can C must 40 George’s classmates often pick ……… him because he’s quite short. A on B at C to 41 ……………….. Alex will like his present? A Do you think B Are you thinking C Can you think 42 Tom Barney, ……. father is a famous writer, is in the same class as me. A which B who C whose 43 The parcel ………… to you as we speak. A is being delivered B is delivering C has been delivering 44 drinks that contain …………. additives are not good for your health. A fake B creative C artificial 45 Mark …………… at a company for seven years before he started his own business. A has been working B was working C had been working 46 peter feels very strongly …………….. protecting wildlife that is under threat. A about B for C of 47 Matthew works ………… hours than Patrick. A longer B longest C more long 48 When Chris won lottery, he decided to ……………. on a new car. A splash out B catch up C hand out 49. I’d hate ………. the one who gives Janet the bad news. A to be B being C to being 50. You need a new pair of sport shoes; these ones are quite ………… . A given up B worn out C cut in

fourteen different schools. 2) When he was at high school, he acted / has acted in school plays. 3) Since his first film in 1981, the actor starred / has starred in some very popular films, e.g. Top Gun, Mission: Impossible and Jerry Maguire. 4) He worked / has worked with some very famous film makers, including Kubrick and Scorsese. 5) He was / has been married to actress Nicole Kidman until 2001. 6) He became / has become a father in 2006, when his daughter Suri was / has been born. 7) Tom says: ‘I had /‘ve had a very interesting life’.