Many,many years ago in the 10th century there lived a beautiful Belarussian princess of royal blood Barbara Radziwil.She lived in a castle in Nesvizh with

it's nice.

E What do you think of the Viking Centre?

F What did уoи do there?

G Did you go shopping?

a It's great. I've learned a lot of interesting things about life in the 10th century (вeкe)

b We went to lots of places.

c Yes, I did. I bought this new camera.

d No, we didn't. We didn't have time.

e Yes, I did. It was fantastic. It's a beautiful city.

f The Viking Centre, the National Railway Museum and the City Art Gallery.

2) Do some of them belong to endangered species? Why do you think they have become endangered? 3) Are there any ecological organizations that try to protect suoh animals? How do they help animals? 4) What can you say about the natural habitats of the animals that live in your region? Do you think man can destroy thtir habitats? 5) Do you know any extinct animals? Can you say how they have become extinct? 6) Do you like to go to the zoo? Are there any zoos in the place where you live? What do you think about zoos? Is it really good to keep animals in cages? Do zoos help animals to survive? 7) What plants grow in the place where you live? Do people cut down many trees there? Do they plant new trees? How iong do you think it will take a small tree to become tall and big? Why is it dangerous to have few trees and flowers in the forests and fields? 8) Why do you think people begin to discuss ecological problem more seriously nowadays?

When people visited a doctor two hundred years ago in Europe, they had a very painful experience. For many illnesses, doctors used to "bleed" their patients. They use leeches, small animals which bite the skin and suck the blood. They did this because they thought that illness was caused by "bad" blood. Germs which caused different illnesses were discovered only in the nineteenth century.

As well as bleeding patients, doctors used to give many herbal medicines, which were often more successful. However, before the discovery of penicillin, you could die if even the smallest cut became infected. Also, before the nineteenth century, there were no anaesthetics. This meant that during major operations many people died from the pain shock.

Those who had a toothache went to a barber to have their tooth pulled out, as there were no dentists. Very few people had their own teeth by the time they were old, though false teeth were made for some rich people.
Glasses were first invented by Arab and Persian doctors and many towns had shops which sold them. However, people did not have their eyes tested and used to try on glasses until they found a suitable pair!

sports cars and jet airplanes, that travellers arc spoilt for choice. In fact, many of us don't even think about how we travel; plane or train, it doesn't matter. Because, at the end of the day, it's just about getting from one place to the other.

There are, however, some means of transport that have made an impression on people and have taken their place in history. One means of transport that truly won the hearts of many Americans was the river steamboat. A steamboat, as its name indicates, is a boat that is powered by steam. The steam rotates a paddlewheel or propeller that in turn causes the boat to move forward.

In the 18th century, there were many attempts to build better vessels, but it wasn't until 1807 that the first successful steamboat, The Clermont, made a commercial voyage. These riverboats became popular in the next few years and were used to transport passengers and merchandise on the major rivers of America. The Mississippi River was especially known for its riverboats, and Mark Twain celebrated three steamboats in his book "Life on the Mississippi".

Steamboats have now disappeared from most American rivers, but they have become a symbol of the Mississippi River. Many people think of these boats when they hear the name Mississippi. Fortunately, a small number of them are being used today to offer river cruises so some people can get a feel of what it's like to travel by steamboat.