Перевести текст!!!! Since operating systems have historically been closely tied to the architecture of the computers on which they run, we bwill look at

"Эта научная работа связана с моделированием элементов художественной гимнастики. Основной элемент исследования - прыжки. Цель исследования:
1 - минимизация травм
2 - улучшение выполнения элементов.
Чтобы выполнить задание нужно было создать систему уравнений. Во время исследования прыжков было выявлено, что углы сгибов и наклона тела человека зависит на перегрузки, получаемые при приземлении. Стало очевидно, что человек вследствии больших перегрузок может получить травмы. в заключении следует отметить, что цели поставленные в начале работы были частично достигнуты, но работа над проектом будет продолжена."

coming over, i would have cooked dinner.

2. If the plane were delayed, .................

3. If the dentist was available, .....................

4. If Oliver hadn't spoken, ........................

5. If Jess had been on time, ...................

6. If you start exercising, .....................

st man in the world. Microsoft, the business he started with a friend in 1975, has become the world's largest computer software company. Although the company is in big trouble today — the US government has broken it up — experts say it will remain successful. Bill Gates was born the 28th at October, 1955, in Seattle. USA. Seattle was once famous for producing Boeing aircraft, but is now better known as the home of Microsoft. From his parents Bill got a good business sense and a quick mind. His father is a lawyer and his late mother was a teacher and then a company director. At school Bill soon showed that he was very intelligent. His favourite subjects were Maths and Science. At 13 he got interested in computers. Bill Gates and his friend Paul Alien were soon spending all their time writing programmes and learning about computers instead of doing their homework. After finishing school in 1973, Bill went to Harvard, America's most famous university. Most of the lime he worked on the computers in the university laboratory. The next year, he and Paul Alien wrote an operating programme lor the Altair. one of the world's first microcomputers. Bill knew, even then, that lie would revolutionize the world of computing and he left Harvard before finishing his studies. The two friends started Microsoft in 1975. and very soon it became a business success. In 1980, Gates bought a small company which produced an operating system called DOS. He made some changes to it and renamed it MS-DOS. He sold the rights to use this system to IBM. Since 1980 MS-DOS has been the standard operating system for all PCs. Microsoft has also developed such well-known programmes as Windows, Excel and Internet Explorer. Bill's dream is to computerize everything — TVs, telephones, lights, even the way you cook dinner... One reason for his success is that Bill has always been very ambitious and hard-working. This hasn't left him much time for a normal personal life. but in 1994 he married Melinda French, a Microsoft employee. The couple has two children: a daughter, born in 1996, and a son, born in 1999. Bill Gates has written two books. The Road Ahead (1995) and Business and the Speed of Thought (1999). Both books are best-sellers. Bill hasn't got much tree time, but when he has a chance he likes playing golf and bridge. He is also fond of reading about science." For such a rich person, his life is simple, and he spends very little on himself. When it comes to helping others, though. Gates is very generous. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has already given $300 million to charity, and he says he plans to give away almost all of his wealth when he retires.

The accounting profession in the market economy consists of public and private ac-
countants. Public accountants are independent professionals who provide services for a fee.
Accountants who are employed by business firms are known as private accountants.
The main form of business organization in the accounting profession is partner-
ship, though some public accountants practise alone and the others have formed pro-
fessional corporations. Public accountants try to avoid limited liability, because they
believe that professionals should take full responsibility for their judgements.
The title certified public accountant refers to the holder of a license to practise
public accounting. The license is granted by a state government. It is granted to people
who meet educational and experience requirements and pass an examination. All Ameri-
can certified public accountants are expected to keep their knowledge up to date and to
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maintain the highest standard of integrity, professional independence and confidentiality.
In Russia accountants also try and do their best to keep up high professional stan-
dards. For many years they were held in a very low esteem in the country, now the
situation is changing for the better. Public accountants in Russia offer different ser-
vices. The main service is auditing. Besides, public accounting firms offer consulting
services, some accountants are also active in tax planning and preparation of tax re-
turns. Russian and American public accountants have much in common.
The work of private accountants in Russia differs greatly from what American ac-
countants employed by business firms do because Russia is only entering a market
economy.
Accountants who work for the US business firms have wide responsibilities. Their
duties include cost accounting, capital budgeting for current operations, tax planning,
they must know how to design financial information systems, and do may other
things.

Answer the questions on the text:
1. What are public accountants?
2. What are private accountants?
3. How do public accountants organize their activities?
4. Who can get a license to practise public accounting?
5. What services do Russian public accountants provide?

Government Expenditure. Расходы государства
Government' expenditure takes many forms and, particularly over the last 50 years or so, has been a very substantial total. This heading covers spendings by both central government and local authorities. Government spending results in an injection of funds into the circular flow.
Let us take as an example a decision by the Department of Transport to build a new motorway. This will lead to a variety of spending, which would not have taken place otherwise. The authorities will have to employ surveyors, lawyers, accountants and construction workers and will have to purchase large quantities of construction materials. All of the spending generated in this way will be an addition or an injection to the circular flow.
Government spending can, of course, take many other forms. Major financial items are the provision of health and social security benefits. The latter tends to put money directly into the hands of people who need it badly and who are, therefore, likely to spend all or most of it in the near future. If it so wishes the government can use its own expenditure to rapidly affect the level of injections and thus the circular flow. Pursuing such policies, however, can have undesirable side-effects.
Exports. Экспорт
Exports are an injection because they result in income entering the UK's circular flow as a result of the spending decisions of foreign households, firms and governments. Notice that this spending by foreign households is a loss (or withdrawal from) their domestic circular flows.
Britain is a major trading nation and, as such, can be described as an open economy. It exports approximately one-third of all the goods and services it produces. The amount of the UK imports varies but over time will be roughly the same proportion. The UK's trade is recorded in the balance of payments figures, which are published monthly and then collected into annual accounts. If you look at the UK's trade figures you will see that rarely, if ever, does the value of exports equal the value of imports.
The balance of payments accounts are split into two broad sections: the current account, which records imports and exports of goods and services; and the capital account, which records international monetary flows in and out of the UK, such as foreign loans and investment in the UK.
Exports have always been important to the UK economy and are indisputably an engine of economic growth. They provide domestic employment not only in the exporting industry but also in the industries, which supply components and raw materials to that industry. Exports bolster the circular flow and promote employment in a range of industries. They also stimulate innovation and competition and generate a satisfying standard of living. Most of the world's most prosperous economies are successful exporters, notably Japan and Germany. Few isolated economies have been economically successful.

In some countries such as France (where there are 9 jurors), the judgesand jurors decide the case together. In the United States juries decide if the defendant is guilty but sometimes also have a say in what punishment he should receive. Before World War II, Japan also had a jury system, but it was often criticized for the ease with which jurors could be bribed. Now Japan, like South Korea, is a rare example of a modern industrialized coun­try where jurors are not used: all decisions are made by professional judges.

Most countries have special rules for young defendants. Children un­der ten cannot stand trial at all under English law. Juveniles (those under seventeen) are dealt with in special Magistrates Courts known as Juvenile Courts.

A defendant found guilty by the magistrates may appeal against the find­ing or against the punishment to the local Crown Court, and the CrownСourt judge will hear the appealwithout a jury. If a defendant has good reason to believe the magistrates have made a mistake about a point of law, then he may appeal to the High Court.The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but there are cases of the prosecution successfully appealing for a more severepunishment. In Japan it is even possible for the prosecution to appeal that a non-guilty decision be changed to guilty.

Appeals from the Crown Court go first to the High Court and, in spe­cial cases, to the Court of Appeal. Occasionally, a case is carried through this system of appeal all the way to the House of Lords.

In many countries, such as Japan and United States, the highest jurid­ical decisions are made by a Supreme Court.Its members are appointed from the lower courts by the government