сервис вопросов и ответовThe Printed Word The earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark. In Greeceand Rome, the tablets of wood
5-9 класс|
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were covered with wax, and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called “stylus”. These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather or metal rings. In Assyria and Babyloniaclay tablets were used for writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the tablets were kept on shelves, just like books are kept today. Although the clay tablets didn’t look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip, rolled from one cylinder to another. These writings were known to the Romans as volumen from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known inChina since the first century, the secret of papermaking came toEurope much later.
Books were quite common in ancientRome: we know that there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B. C. Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries. By the time of the Middle Ages all books were handwriting and often beautifully decorated. Libraries used to chain books to the shelves so that they could not be removed from the building. But very few people could read them. The invention of printing was a really great event in history. The first people to invent printing were the Chinese. InEuropethere were several people who can be called inventors of printing. The best-known is Johann Gutenberg fromGermany.
Printing spread quickly over Europeand by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses. The early printers were not only craftsmen, but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing press inEngland was set up by William Caxton atWestminster in 1476, and the first printing press inRussia – by Ivan Fedorov inMoscow in 1564. Printed books soon reached a very high standard and the craftsmen were rightfully proud of their work. Eventually there were more and more people inEurope who could read and they wanted more and more books. That led to opening more libraries.
Early libraries were used only by scientists and were few. By end by they grew in number and began to be used by the public. The 19th century saw the appearance of a proper system of public libraries. Now most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale in the United States. Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (The British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, Bibliotheque Nationale in France, the Beijing Library in China , the State Public Library in Moscow. The world’s largest is the US library of Congress. It holds about 90 million items – books and manuscripts. The library was founded in 1800 in Washington, DC for the use of Congress and later became a public library. Bibliotheque Nationale dates back to the 17th century and the British Museum Library was set in the 18th century. The State Public Library inMoscow was founded in 1862 and has unique collections of books.
Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues. Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films. How they do it is a new story.
помогите ответить на вопросы по этому тексту.Вот вопросы:
What materials were used to make ancient books?
In what places of the world did people have books in ancient?
Where and when was printing invented?
By whom were early libraries used?
When did many public libraries appear?
What old universities have good libraries?
What cities of the world have great libaries?
Kamalovaelvira
09 окт. 2016 г., 20:52:53 (7 лет назад)
Vaqif87
09 окт. 2016 г., 22:48:13 (7 лет назад)
1)The earliestbooks were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark.
2)in ancient Rome
3)William Caxton ,at Westminster in 1476
4)scientists
5)in the 19th century
6)Oxford and Cambridge in England , Harvard and Yale in the U.S ,
7)the British Museum Library in London,The library of Congress in U.S , Bibliotheque Nationale in France, the Beijing in China , the state public library in Moscow
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составить краткое содержание текста (The Printed Word)
e Printed Word
The earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces
of bark. In Greeceand Rome, the tablets of wood were covered with wax,
and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called “stylus”.
These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather
or metal rings. In Assyria and Babyloniaclay tablets were used for
writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the
tablets were kept on shelves, just like books are kept today. Although
the clay tablets didn’t look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and
some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the
ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These
books took the form of a long strip, rolled from one cylinder to
another. These writings were known to the Romans as volumen
from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known inChina
since the first century, the secret of papermaking came toEurope much
later.
These sentences are answers to cetain questions on the text " The Printed Word". Say what the questions are.
1) On tablets of wood or pieces of bark.
2) With thin stripes of leather or metal rings.
3) In Assyria and Babylonia.
4) From a tall plant.
5) About 39 B.C.
6) The Chinese.
7) About 200.
8) His name was William Caxton.
9) In Moscow in 1564
10) The US Library of Congress.
1.On the 12 June the Russian people celebrate
а) Easter b) Russia Day c) Constitution Day
2.The official name of our homeland is
а) Russia b) the Russian Federation c) the Republic
of the Russian
Federation
3.“Break a leg” means
а) Thank you b) Excuse me c) Good luck
4.In autumn the British have the following traditions and festivals:
а) – the State Opening b) – The trooping of the c) – St David’s
of Parliament Colours Day
5.Guy Fawkes Day - Swan Upping - May Day
During the State Opening of Parliament the Queen sits on the throne in
а) the House of Commons b) the House of Lords c) Buckingham Palace
6.A.A.Milne wa a British writer. He wrote
а) Harry Potter b) Robinson Crusoe c) Winnis-the-Pooh
7.The earliest books were written on
а) tablets of wood or b) on pieces of cloth c) on pieces of paper
pieces of bark
8.Theatre was born in
а) China b) Britain c) Greece
9.What is Leonardo da Vinci best known for?
а) sculpture b) painting c) designing
10.Who wrote the line “Happy families are all alike, every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way”?
а) Tolstoy b) Dickens c) Shakespeare
помогити перевести на руском they say exotic animals were first taken to britain in the 13th centyry when King Henry received some presents of leopards
and elephants.the animals lived in the tower of london in a special plac.later the king of norway presented henry with a polar bear.the bear likedd to go fishing in the thames at the end of a iong rope.Five hundred years later the london zoo the world s oldest zoo was opened on 27th april 1828.lt is situated in the heart of london in regent s park.although this zoo is licated in the middle of the city it still has plenty of animals to see including lions camels giraffes penguins tigers monkeys and elephants.I fast there are over 750 different kinds of animals in the london zoo.It has one of the largest collections of animals in the UK.The zoo is divided up into many different areas which are great fun to explore.the most popular attractions are meet the monkeys butterfly paradise and lnto africa.children can also take part in fun activities see performances and visit interesting exhibitions.Whatever the time of the year or weather there is always something to see and do at the london zoo.the london zoo is open all the year round except 25th desember.
A word about books. Man invented a number of means to cover distance - cars, planes, radio, TV, computers, spaceships, etc. But up till now there has been
only one way to covor time- books. Reading is real fun, isn't it? It may be a fantastic journey into the past or the future, a true love story or a serious novel to challenge your thoughts, a detective or something funny if you like humour.
Until recently you could see a lot of people, old and young, reading in many different places, in a park or on a bus, in a plane or on a beach. It might be a magazine or a newspaper, a volume of poems or a lengthy novel. All kinds of reading stuff. But now it's a rare event. Altenrative sources of information like TV or computers seen more attractive to most people. But books give us something different from them. It's a dialogue with somebody who can tell you a lot about life, people, their relations, and about this fast changing world. Books help you understand yourself better. They develop imagination, love for word and expression and awaken a wish in you to create something. It is next to impossible to imagine life without books.
The way we read. We read in meany different ways, and at different speeds depending on the aim of reading. We sometimes look through the book to see what it is about. We may just want to get the general idea from a newspaper article, a report , or a book in a bookshop. This type of reading is callled skimming reading.
Quick reading is also practised when we want to get a particular piece of information, such as a date or a telephone directories, dictionaries and web pages.
But if we want to get the detailed information we read slowly and carefully. This is called intensive reading, it needs training and special skills to understand the entire content, the beauty of the expression. You get involved in the story. It makes you laugh your head off or cry your heart out. It develops your personality.
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