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time, but when the snow fell in the heart of winter, he would often get so cold that he would shiver. To make matters worse, Fraser didn’t have any friends. None of the other animals in Thistleberry Glen wanted to be friends with a dragon.

Fraser spent most of his days cooking and baking. This helped keep his cave a bit warmer. He was quite a good cook too. He made the best caramel shortbread in the whole glen. On days when he went down to the river for a drink, if he was lucky enough to see a fish or two, he’d catch them with his sharp claws, take them back to the cave, and make fishcakes. He’d add a little onion and mashed potatoes and fry them up to perfection.

On the 23rd of December, Fraser spent the whole day baking Christmas sweeties. He made tablet and fudge, dumplings and cakes, pastries and biscuits. "It’s almost Christmas Day. I’ll bet some of the other animals in Thistleberry Glen would enjoy a few Christmas sweets," he smiled. He divided them into five portions, wrapped them in red and green striped paper and tied a big golden ribbon around them. As soon as the sun set below the heather-covered hills, Fraser put the packages in a big brown bag and headed into the woods. "This will make their Christmas brighter," Fraser giggled. Even though none of the animals ever spoke to him, he enjoyed being nice to everyone.

"Aha, there’s Carly, the highland cow," he whispered. She was sleeping. Her long, shaggy, reddish-brown hair hung to the ground and was touching the snow. Her eyes were shut and she was snoring! Fraser, being such a big dragon, had to be careful that his sharp horns didn’t bump into the tree branches. He had to watch out for his long, pointed tail too. Sometimes it knocked over bushes or bumped into rocks. Silently he approached. He opened his big brown bag and took out one of the packages. He hung in carefully on Carly’s long, handlebar horn. He giggled with joy as he snuck back into the woods. "Hee, hee, hee. She’ll be surprised when she wakes up!"

A few minutes later he spotted Siobhan, the highland sheep. She was standing in a meadow filled with wildflowers. Her thick fleecy wool looked nearly black in the evening sky. "I’ll set the package on her wool. It’s so thick that she’ll never even feel it," he chuckled. He crept towards her, taking her package out of his big brown bag. Very carefully, he put it down on her wool and then snuck back into the woods. "Hee, hee, hee. She’ll love all the sweets!"

its infancy, broadcasting stations in the USA wondered what type of programmes they should put on during the daytime. They came up with the idea of producing serials that would be on the radio every afternoon telling a continuous story. 7. _____________. Knowing that the majority of the audience would be women, the broadcasters decided that the women in the serials would be strong characters and the men weak. The serials were an instant success with listeners. As the radio stations were paid for by advertising, these programmes always carried advertisements and, since one of the most frequently advertised products was soap, the programmes became known as Soaps or Soap Operas. 8. ___________. The BBC had no interest in producing this type of programme but during the Second World War it was thought that the Americans should be shown how well the British people were standing up to the war. 9. ___________. It was called Front Line Family and showed how a typical English family, the Robinsons, were living during the war. 10.___________. The BBC were unwilling to do this but finally agreed and broadcast the programme in Britain, but changed the name to The Robinsons. The programme ran for six years. Other soaps were introduced later, one telling the life of a doctor’s family and another, The Archers, about life in a country village. The original aim of The Archers was to inform farmers of new developments in agriculture. The serial began in 1951 and is still to be heard on five evenings every week. Some attempts at soap opera began to appear on television in Britain in the mid-1950s, but it was not until 1961 that the first real soap opera appeared. 11. ___________. The serial, called Coronation Street, was about the lives of people living in a working-class street near Manchester. 12. ___________. The BBC never managed to produce a really successful soap opera until 1984, when it introduced Eastenders. This programme is about life in the area of the east end of London. For a time it had more viewers than Coronation Street and still rivals it as the most popular programme on the British television. There is a major difference between the two programmes in that Eastenders concentrates on rather depressing realism whilst Coronation Street, although having serious storylines, always contains a strong element of comedy. (A). This was shown not by the BBC, but by commercial television. (B.) To keep the listeners’ interest, there would be far more crisis accuring than in real life. (C). Some people in Britain managed to hear the programme and asked for it to be broadcasted for the British audience. (D). It was really by chance that the soap opera appeared in Britain. (E). Although the serial was planned to run for only thirteen weeks, it is still to be seen several nights every week and almost every week has more viewers than any other programme on British television. (F). For this reason, a soap opera was written for the North American service of the BBC. (G). It has always been the most popular programme on television.

immediately pulled him down and gave him a good beating. The new monkey learned quickly, and enthusiastically joined 10 in beating the next new recruit. One by one, the five original monkeys were replaced. Although none of the new group knew why, no monkey was ever allowed to climb the ladder. Like the monkeys in the experiment, every culture 15 and organization has its unwritten rules. These rules are

invented. The earliest map that we know of is a cave painting on the Lascaux caves in France. The painting shows a part of the summer night’s sky 16500 years ago. Modern astronomers can still understand the night sky shown in the map. A four thousand year old map made by the Ba¬bylonians is still in existence. Many ancient map-makers thought that the world was flat, but explorers like Magel¬lan in the 15th century sailed around the world and helped to make better maps. Besides, measurements taken by satel¬lites show that our planet Is slightly pear-shaped. Satellites have also provided more accurate Information and have helped to see and map parts of the world that were lit¬tle known or never seen by humans before. Satellites have photographed the Amazon rainforest and have shown that the area the size of twenty football pitches is being cut down every minute. Pictures taken from space have also shown that one of the world's largest areas of inland water, the Aral Sea, has been shrinking very quickly. Modern satel¬lite maps show the effects of global warming and pollution and help us to understand the world around us better. More and more drivers nowadays rely on satellite navigation in their cars so the traditional road maps may not be around much longer.

11. Writing was invented a long time after the first map was drawn. A) True B) False C) Not known

12. The first map was a map of the night sky. A) True B) False C) Not known

13. The first map was made by the Babylonians. A) True B) False C) Not known

14. Babylonian map-makers were very rich men. A) True B) False C) Not known

15. Magellan's explorations helped the map-makers to Im¬prove their maps. A) True B) False C) Not known

16. Our planet is a perfect sphere. A) True B) False C) Not known

17. Modern maps are more detailed and accurate. A) True B) False C) Not known

18. The Amazon rainforest is gradually disappearing. A) True B) False C) Not known 19. The level of the Aral Sea has been increasing. A) True B) False C) Not known

20. Soon the traditional printed road maps may be out of use. A) True B) False C) Not known