It was the sound of the car brakes 1)............that caught her attention first of all. The noise stood out from all the other noises that crowded

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LLOW On the Eastern shore of the Hudson River there was a little valley, among high hills, which was one of the quietest places in the whole world. This valley had long been known by the name of Sleepy Hollow. Many strange stories about ghosts were told and retold in a village situated there. The most frightful, however, was the one about a headless horse¬man. It is said that it was the ghost of a soldier who had been killed in battle. Once there lived in this village a schoolmaster, Crane by name. He was a tall and very thin man. In the same village lived the daughter and the only child of a rich farmer. She was a pretty girl and attracted the attention of every young man in the village. Crane too, was in love with her. But if the schoolmaster meant to win her heart, he would have to get rid of all his rivals. The one he feared most was a certain Brunt. He was a tall and strong young man and most people liked him for his bravery and great skill of a horseman. It is clear that Crane would have lived quietly in his little village to the end of his life if a very strange thing had not happened one night. In the afternoon of that day Crane was in his school when a servant brought him an invitation to a party, which was to be held that evening at Van Tassel's. The pupils were sent home an hour before the usual time, and Crane spent no less than half an hour dressing up for the party. He wished to look his best that night, therefore, he borrowed a horse from the farmer with whom he was then living. The horse's name was Gunpowder. It was towards evening that Crane arrived at home of Van Tassel. The house was full of guests and Brunt was among them. There were many good things to eat and a lot of dancing. Everybody enjoyed himself that night. When the party was nearly over, Crane suddenly left the hall where the guests were dancing. He went to Katrina's room where he stayed alone with the girl for a short while. They must have had an unpleasant conversation for the school¬master looked sad when he re-entered the hall.

Administrative management is an approach that focuses on principles that can be used by management to coordinate the internal activities of organizations.

For years, managers have considered decision making to be a pure art. It has been considered an art because a variety of individual styles can be used in approaching and successfully solving the same type of managerial problems in actual business practice. These styles are often based on creativity, judgment, intuition, and the experience rather than on the systematic analytical approach.

However, the environment in which management must operate is changing. A man has long since landed on the moon, and technological advancement dictates the pace of our life. Such advances in technology cannot possibly be made without concurrent advances in the systems of management.

Business and its environment are more complex today than ever before, and the trend toward increasing complexity is continuing. So making decisions today is much more complicated than in the past for three reasons. First, the number of alternatives is usually much larger. Second, the consequences of the decisions are more difficult to predict due to increased uncertainty. Finally, the cost of making errors has become larger and larger, mainly due to the size of operations, automation, and a resulting chain - reaction situation in which the impact of an error may be felt on many places due to complex interrelationships.

To illustrate how critical the impact of a single error can be, consider the following example. In the early 80s, the management of Polaroid decided to invest millions of dollars in developing a new camera, SX-70. The justification for the huge investment was the anticipation of large profits from the sale of film for the camera. On July 2, 1985, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged almost 16 points and closed at a low for the year of 790. The major contributor to the fall was the drop in Polaroid, a once highly priced glamour issue that fell ll3/g points, a decline of 32 percent, in a single day! The drop was attributed to an announcement that the sales of SX-70 film were only one third of the company's projections. The plunge reduced the value of Polaroid shares by more than 360 million USD overnight! The impact was so significant that even though Polaroid did not file for the bankruptcy, its earnings declined for several years.

Managers must become more sophisticated - they must learn to utilize new tools and techniques that are being developed in their field. No one can imagine a successful physician using the medicine and equipment of the turn of the century. Yet, in management, one can find executives using management tools of that time.
ТASK
1. Say whether it is true or false.

1. Administrative management is the ratio of the organization's productivity and the organization's structure.

b)Management is a process used to achieve certain goals through the utilization of resources.

c)The environment in which administrative management must operate is stable.

d)Today managerial decision making trends towards increasing simplicity.

e)In the early 60s, the management of Polaroid decided to invest millions of dollars.

f)Managers must learn to utilize new tools and techniques that are being developed in their field.



2. Finish the sentences:

1. For years, managers have considered decision making .. .

2. Such advances in technology cannot possibly be made without concurrent advances …. .

3. So making decisions today is much more complicated … .

4. First, the number of alternatives is .

5. Second, the consequences of decisions are more difficult to predict ….
GRAMMAR
1. Choose the correct answer.

1 He is ...C... man in the world.

A tall B taller C the tallest

2 I am …... than my sister.

A old B older C the oldest

3 This picture is …... of all.

A good B better C the best

4 My car was …... than yours.

A expensive B more expensive C the most expensive

5 This is …... film I've ever seen.

A boring B more boring C the most boring

6 Dan is not as ……. as Henry.

A thin B thinner C the thinnest

7 My shopping bag is as ... as yours.

A heavy B heavier C the heaviest

8 I think History is a(n) .. subject.

A interesting B more interesting C the most interesting

9 England is very …... in winter.

A cold B colder C the coldest

10 Trains are ….. than bicycles.

A fast B faster C the fastest



2. Underline the correct word.

1 She looked at me angry/angrily this morning.

2 He got dressed quick/quickly as he was late.

3 The fish had a strong/strongly smell.

4 She spoke to her friend soft/softly.

5 This salad tastes good/well.

6 That chair is quite comfortable/comfortably to sit on.

7 He sounded very unhappy/unhappily on the phone.

8 I feel sad/sadly today.

9 She is a very clever/cleverly student.


10 She crossed the road safe/safely.

were ______ . POPULAR

B12 In an attempt to make it more ______ , they began putting on more comedies and well known,successful COMMERCE

dramas.

B13 Because the audiences were made up of ______ young people with low incomes and studfnts, discounted MAIN

tickets were introduced.

В14 In ______ ,there was the issue of the uncomfortable seating. Despite the huge cost, the old seats were ripped ADD

out and new ones installed.

B15 All of these measures made the theatre’s new owner rather ______ . Would there be enough new customers to ANXIETY

make up for all the money invested?

В16 But in ______ everything has worked out really well. Audiences are on average three times larger than before. REAL

The theatre is now an outstanding success. Помогите пожалуйста поставить слова в правильную форму!)

(1)south, (2)one, (3) one, (4)differ, (5)happy, (6)danger, (7)usual, (8)beauty, (9)vary.

In 1956 a yong man from the (1).. part of the US made a record called "heartbreak Hotel". His name was Elvis Presley. It was the (2).. of many hits for Presley and one of the (3).. madern pop records. "Pop" is popular music:the music of the people. Pop tells you it is OK to feel the way you do and be (4).. . It is about (5).. and troubles of our life. Pop can be strange, it can be fun, it can be (6).. . For the people who work in the pop business, it is (7).. about making money. For most people, it is about having a good time. Pop is for now. Most pop doesn't mean very much. And yet, now and then, pop says something important in a (8).. way. There is a (9).. of songs and sounds which speak to everyone.