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place in nature and have made accidental discoveries of great value. Many of the
substances used today, which are prepared by chemical methods, were known to the
ancients, but there are no historical records of their discovery. Glass, for example, has
been known for over 3,000 years. Soap was also made in the earliest times.

Directed experimentation appeared with the rise of alchemy. The
alchemists sought things which were supposed to lead to happiness – health and
riches. They wanted to change the common metals into gold hoping to do this
with the help of a mysterious substance, called the philosopher’s stone. But gold
without health is of little value, so a search was made for the elixir of life which
could bring back glorious youth to the aged. The alchemists studied everything
available, mixed things together, heated and distilled them when possible. Many
important discoveries were made as a result of eager search by the alchemists
for what was unattainable, and some of the processes used today in chemistry
were invented. They referred repeatedly to distillation, extraction, calcinations,
coagulation, etc. They prepared and studied many of the compounds which are
commonly used in chemical work. Among these are sulphuric, nitric, and
hydrochloric acids, alum, soda, ammonium chloride, niter, and compounds of
mercury, arsenic and antimony. But selfish and utilitarian motive which guided
the alchemists could not lead to the development of a science.

Chemistry was born as a science only at that time when a desire on the
part of man to learn the truth about the wonders of nature appeared.

1. Kate will go to London next summer.
2. They will eat out tomorrow.
3. We would prefer English tea with milk to coffe.
4. John will go to the pub to meet his friends and have a chat.
5. Mary wiil cook several national dishes.

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Production of goods
and production of services .



The production or making of goods
involves many economic decisions. Producers have to decide how to raise the
money needed for their businesses. They must also consider methods and costs of
production. In addition, they have to decide how to bring their products to the
buyers, or the sales market. Workers who produce goods also have to make many
decisions. These decisions deal with jobs, pay, and work conditions. Job
benefits and work safety can be important as the money paid to workers.

Services play an important part in
everyone’s daily lives. Today more people work in service industries that in
the production of actual goods. Sales policies and training of workers are
directly related to the production of goods.