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Нужно перевести текст The persistence of this H5N1 strain of virus is a great concern for humans. Although the virus does not spread

10-11 класс

from birds to humans easily, the severity of the infection of H5N1 in humans is frightening. The virus has killed every second person infected by it. These cases were reported in perfectly healthy individuals who had no past history of infections. However the greater concern for the world is the POSSIBILITY THAT THE VIRUS MAY MUTATE (UNDERGO ANTIGENIC SHIFT) AND CREATE A FORM THAT MAY SPREAD FROM HUMAN TO HUMAN. Such a strain of virus may result in a pandemic, killing millions of people worldwide.

Is Consumption Of Poultry Birds Safe?

Yes, it is safe to consume THOROUGHLY COOKED poultry products. The H5N1 virus is sensitive to heat and gets destroyed by normal cooking temperatures of 70- 100 degree Celsius. If meat from poultry birds and eggs are cooked properly, the virus will be destroyed. Just make sure that no part of the meat remains raw or uncooked.

How Big Is The Risk Of A Pandemic Breaking Out?

The world had to face a Bird Flu Pandemic, thrice in the twentieth century. In 1918-1919, "Spanish Flu" killed anywhere between 20 million to 50 million people (exact figures not known), including half a million in the United States alone. The "Asian flu" in 1957-58 killed 70,000 in the United States and in 1968-1969, the "Hong Kong flu" killed 34,000 in the USA.

Currently the risk of H5N1 strain leading to a Pandemic is high. The virus is spreading fast to new areas and the efforts made to curtail it have proved inadequate.

Domestic ducks have now become a "reservoir" for the virus. They are acting like a carrier for the virus - their bodies carry the virus without showing signs of any infection. Infected ducks then release large quantities of the virus in pathogenic form in their excretions spreading the virus to other birds or humans. This has made detection of the virus difficult especially in rural areas.

According to health experts, the virus has already met the first two prerequisites for starting a pandemic. First it has attained a form, for which humans have no inbuilt immunity; and second, it has proved pathogenic enough to cause serious illness and death in humans.

The present risk of a pandemic is very high. The only factor that has prevented a pandemic so far is that the virus has not mutated into a form that would allow it to transmit efficiently from one human to another. Once such a genetic change takes place for the virus, a pandemic will be inevitable. The first signs of such a reassortment will be presence of the clusters of patients with flu symptoms, closely related - both in time and space. This would be a clear indication of virus having the ability to transmit from human-to-human.

Currently no vaccine has been developed for fighting H5N1 strain. Simultaneous work is being done in many countries for developing a vaccine, but no success has been achieved. The exact virus that may cause the pandemic cannot be predetermined. Thus mass production of vaccine before the pandemic starts is ruled out. The worldwide manufacturing capacity is inadequate to match the sudden demand surge during a pandemic. The best that scientists can do is to carry out a study and determine the smallest amount of antigen per dose that will provide sufficient protection and thus maximise the number of vaccines produced.

What Are The Precautions Necessary To Prevent A Pandemic?

The logical first step is to control the disease from spreading among birds, but this seems a difficult task now. Bird Flu has become a bird epidemic in many parts of Asia and is spreading fast.

The Next step is to prevent the disease from getting passed on to humans. People who come in close contact with birds (like poultry farmers) are advised to keep a close watch on the health of birds, notify any sort of sickness in birds to the health authorities and avoid direct contact with sick birds in all cases. (Ducks have become a reservoir for the virus and may not exhibit signs of sickness even if they are carrying the virus.)

In case the flu becomes a pandemic, most countries of the world will be affected. In such a scenario, the best preventive measures would be personal hygiene, avoiding crowded places and staying away from raw meat and eggs.

A flu shot does not prevent bird flu, but it can protect a person from other forms of flu and avoid complications. Persons above 65 years of age, children, health services workers, people with chronic respiratory disorders, travellers to flu affected countries and pregnant women may consult a doctor regarding flu vaccination.

Wintiks 13 окт. 2013 г., 13:05:58 (10 лет назад)
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13 окт. 2013 г., 15:06:48 (10 лет назад)

Появление нового штамма H5N1 – серьезная проблема для человечества. Вирус нечасто передается от птиц к людям, тяжелые последствия заражения H5N1 пугает многих людей. Каждый второй заразившийся вирусом погибает. Зарегистрированы два случая смерти людей, в анамнезе которых не обнаружено других поражений инфекциями. Но наибольшее опасение вызывает у мировой общественности тот факт, что вирус способен мутировать (в результате антигенной изменчивости) и появится новая форма, передающаяся от человека к человеку. Возникновение подобного штамма может привести к пандемии, уничтожив миллионы людей во всем мире.

Можно ли считать употребление мяса птицы безопасным для здоровья?
Да, его безопасно употреблять в пищу после тщательной тепловой обработки. Вирус H5N1 чувствителен к повышению температуры и погибает при температуре 70-100 градусов по Цельсию. Если мясо птицы и яйца приготовлены правильно, вирус неопасен. Необходимо просто убедиться, что не осталось сырых прослоек в мясе.

Насколько велик риск возникновения пандемии?

Человечество сталкивалось с пандемией птичьего гриппа трижды на протяжении двадцатого века. В 1918-1919 гг. от «испанки» погибло около 20-50 млн. человек (точное количество неизвестно), в том числе – полмиллиона только в Соединенных Штатах.

От «азиатского гриппа» в 1957-58 годах в Соединенных Штатах погибло 70 000 человек, а в 1968-1969 годах «гонконгский грипп» уничтожил в США 34 000 человек.

В настоящее время риск пандемии штамма H5N1 крайне высок. Вирус быстро распространяется в новых районах и усилия, предпринятые для ограничения его распространения, ни к чему не привели. Домашние утки в настоящий момент – своеобразный источник  вируса. Они носители вируса – после заражения их организм не проявляет никаких симптомов появления инфекции. В выделениях зараженных уток находится большое количество патогенной формы вируса, который распространяется на других птиц и человека. Это затрудняет обнаружение вируса, особенно в сельской местности. По словам медицинских экспертов, уже проявились две предпосылки пандемии. Вирус, во первых, мутировал в форму, к которой у людей нет врожденного иммунитета, а во-вторых, оказался достаточно заразным, чтобы вызвать тяжелые симптомы и смерти людей. Сейчас риск возникновения пандемии очень высок. Единственным фактор, не позволивший пандемии возникнуть в настоящее время – вирус не мутировал в форму, которая передавалась бы от человека к человеку. После такой мутации, пандемия станет неизбежной. Первыми признаками такой рекомбинации генов станет появление групп пациентов с симптомами гриппа, заболевающих в одно время и в одной местности. Это будет явным признаком появления вируса, способного передаваться от человека к человеку.

В настоящее время не существует вакцины, разработанной для борьбы со штаммом H5N1. Работа над ней одновременно ведется в нескольких странах, но успеха не было достигнуто. Нельзя сразу определить, какой именно вирус вызовет пандемию. Таким образом, до начала пандемии, создание вакцины невозможно. Производственной мощности во всем мире недостаточно, чтобы соответствовать резкому росту спроса на вакцину во время пандемии. Лучшее, что могут сделать ученые – провести исследования и определить минимальное количество антигена в дозе, которая обеспечит защиту, и, таким образом, сделать число производимых доз максимальным.

Какие меры предосторожности необходимы для предотвращения пандемии?
Логично, в первую очередь, контролировать распространение болезни среди птиц, но это представляется сложной задачей даже сейчас. Птичий грипп вызвал эпидемию среди птиц во многих областях Азии и быстро распространяется.
Следующий шаг – предотвратить заражение людей от птиц. Людям, которые контактируют с птицами (например, птицеводам), рекомендуется внимательно следить за здоровьем птиц, уведомлять о любых признаках болезни соответствующие органы здравоохранении и избегать прямого  контакта с больными птицами во всех случаях (утки – переносчики вирусов, у них признаков болезни не проявляется).

В случае, если заражение гриппом приобретет характер пандемии, будут затронуты большинство стран мира. При таком развитии событий, лучшая стратегия – соблюдение мер личной гигиены, избегание людных мест и прекращение употребления в пищу сырого мяса и яиц.
Прививка от гриппа не предотвращает возможность заражения птичьим гриппом, но она защищает от других его форм и предотвращает возникновение осложнений. Людям старше 65 лет, детям, медицинским работникам, людям с хроническими заболеваниями дыхательных органов, путешественникам, посетившим страны, в которых находились пострадавшие от гриппа люди, а также беременным женщинам рекомендуется проконсультироваться у врача насчет вакцинации против гриппа.

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1.He comes here every year.
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Rewrite the text putting the verbs into the Passive. 1. You must drive this car very carefully. 2. They will build a highway here.

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Monasteries were cultural and educational centres. They had large libraries and well-equipped book-making shops, in which not only church manuscripts were copied and translated but original books were written. Today we can confidently say that Ancient Rus was a state of high culture and knowledge.
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Перевести текст The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the

progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet.

Today English is the language of the world. Over 300 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic. As a second language it is used in the former British and US colonies.

English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organization. It is the language of the literature, education, modern music, international tourism.

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So far, there is no universal or ideal method of learning languages. Everybody has his own way. Sometimes it is boring to study grammar or to learn new words. But it is well known that reading books in the original, listening to the BBC news, communicating with English-speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the native speakers. One must work hard to learn any foreign language.

Помогите пожалуйста, нужно перевести текст и ответить на вопросы!

Preparation of tablets
One knows that a tablet is the most common form of medication for the administering of drugs in a dry state. Its preparation consti¬tutes an important part of modem “Pharmaceutical Technology”. The method of tablet making or tabletting is defined as a process of pres¬sure of powdered medicine.
It is generally observed that some tablets are made easier from certain drugs than from other ones. For example, sodium chloride is used without the addition of auxiliary substances. But for lactose the addition of such substances is necessary to overcome certain difficul¬ties. It is interesting that in the process of tabletting some materials are continuously binding and sticking in the special machine. Stick¬ing takes place when there is too much moisture in the granules be¬cause of insufficient drying, etc.
The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very great role. It is important that tablets which are being dissolved slowly by saliva in the mouth are more strongly compressed than other ones using for common internal administration. Another important effect of higher pressures is an increase of friction which causes the use of greater amount of lubricating and gliding substances, such as natural starch. The use of starch as an auxiliary component in tablet making is generally recognized. It was stated that starches possessed very good gliding properties and didn’t show any lubricating action.
Задание 2. Дайте ответы на английском языке.
1. How is the method of tablet making defined?
2. What is the difference between the use of sodium chloride and lactose?
3. How many lubricating and gliding substances are used and where?
4. What properties did starches possess?
5. Where are some materials continuously binding and sticking?
6. What is tablet?
7. Why does sticking take place?
8. How are more strongly compressed tablets being dissolved in the mouth?
9. What plays a very important role in tablet making?
10. What can you tell about the use of starch in tabletting?

ПЕРЕВОД:When you marry,your husband (or wifes) family become your in-laws.The mother of your spouse (husband or wife) is your mother-in-law and his or her

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Нужно перевести текст, только не через переводчик:: The Difficult Child The difficult child is the child who is unhappy. He is at war with himself, and

in consequence, he is at war with the world. A difficult child is,, nearly always made difficult by wrong treatment at home. The moulded, conditioned, disciplined, repressed child — the unfree child, whose name is a Legion, lives in every comer of the world, He lives in our town just across the street, he sits at a dull desk in a dull school, and later he sits at a duller desk in an office or on a factory bench. He is docile, prone to obey authority, fearful of criticism, and almost fanatical in his desire to be conventional and correct. He accepts what he has been taught almost without ques¬tion;, and he hands down all his complexes and fears and frustra¬tions to his children. Adults take it for granted that a child should be taught to behave in such a way that the adults will have as quiet a life as possible. Неnce the importance attached to obedience, to manner, to docility. The usual argument against freedom for children is this: life is hard, and we must train the children so that they will fit into life liter on We must therefore discipline them. If we allow them to do what they like, how will they ever be able to serve under a boss? How will they ever be able to exercise self-discipline? To impose anything by authority is wrong. Obedience must come from within —not be imposed from without. The problem child is the child who is pressured into obedience and persuaded through fear. Fear сад be a terrible thing in a child’s life. Fear must be entirely eliminated — fear of adults, fear of punishment, fear of disapproval. Only hate can flourish in the atmosphere of fear. The happiest homes are those in which the parents are frankly honest with their children without moralizing. Fear does not enter these homes. Father and son are pals. Love can thrive. In other homes love is crushed by fear. Pretentious dignity and demanded respect hold love aloof. Compelled respect always implies fear. The happiness and well-being of children depend on a degree of love £md approval we give them. We must be on the child’s side. Being oil the side of the child is giving love to the child — not possessive love — not sentimental love - just behaving to the child in such a way the child feels you love him and approve of him. Home plays many parts in the life of the growing child, it is the natural source of affection; the place where he can live with the sense Of security; it educates him in all sorts qf ways, provides him with his opportunities of recreation, it affects his status in society. Children need affection. Of all the functions of the family that of providing an affectionate background for childhood and adolescence has never been more important than it is today. Child study has enabled us to see how necessary affection is in ensuring proper emotional development; and the stresses and strains of growing up in modern urban society have the effect of intensifying the yearning for parental regard. The childhood spent with heartless, indifferent or quarrelsome parents or in a broken home makes a child permanently embittered. Nothing can compensate for lack of parental affection. .When the home is a loveless one, the children are impersonal and even hostile. Approaching adolescence children become more independent of their parents. They are now more concerned with what other kids say or do. They go on loving their parents deeply underneath, but they don’t show it on the surface. They no longer want to be loved as a possession or as an appealing child. They are gaining a sense of dignity as individuals, and they like to be treated as such. They develop a stronger sense of responsibility about matters that they think are important. From their need to be less dependent on their parents, they turn more to trusted adults outside the family for ideas and knowledge. In adolescence aggressive feelings become much stronger. In this period, children will play an earnest game of war. There may be arguments, roughhousing and even real fights. Is gun-play good or bad for children? For many years educators emphasized its harmlessness, even when thoughtful parents expressed doubt about letting their children have pistols and other warlike toys. It was assumed that in the course of growing up children have a natural tendency to bring their aggressiveness more and more under control.



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