The area now called Kazakhstan has a very long history.People lived here during the Stone Age, thousands of years ago.

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place every four years for nearly twelve centuries at Olimpia. They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestling, etc. All the cities in Greece sent their best athletes to Olimpia to compete in the Games. For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games became the symbol of peace and friendship. In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later. In 1894, a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, addressed all the sports governing bodies and pointed out the significance of sports and its educational value. Two years later the first modern Olympic Games took place. Of course, the competitions were held in Greece to symbolize the continuation of the centuries-old tradition. In 1896 the International Olympic Committee was set up. It is the central policy-making body of the Olympic movement. It is formed by the representatives of all countries which take part in the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee decides upon the programme of the games, the number of the participants and the city-host for the Games. Over one hundred and fifty countries are represented in the International Olympic Committee now. Besides, each country has its National Olympic Committee. Summer and Winter Games are held separately. There are always several cities wishing to host the Games. The most suitable is selected by the International Committee. After that the city of the Games starts preparations for the competitions, constructs new sports facilities, stadiums, hotels, press centres. Thousands of athletes, journalists and guests come to the Games, and it takes great efforts to arrange everything. There is always an interesting cultural programme of concerts, exhibitions, festivals, etc., for each Games. Russia joined the Olympic movement in 1952. Since then it has won a lot of gold, silver, and bronze medals. In 1980 Moscow hosted the Twenty- Second Olympic Games. The latest Olympic Games were held in Vancouver. Russian sportsmen got medals for their records in many sports events. Decide whether these sentences true or false 1. The first Olympic Games were held in Italy. 2. Baron Pierre de Coubertin was the person who organised the first Games. 3. Russia took part in the Games in the fifties for the first time

y saw that the firefighter were helpless as the wind blew the flames in their direction. the lucky ones grabbed a few important things, rushed to their cars and drove away before the flames were too close.

one family, however, waited too long. when they tried to drive to a nearby reservoir, they were trapped in the flames and died in their car.

the fire burned for more than a week and then it got colder, fog rolled in from the ocean and the flame died.

experts say that there have been forest fires for thousands of years. when it is very dry in California and a hot wind blows out of the desert, a burning cigarette that someone has thrown away may be a terrible fire.

y saw that the firefighter were helpless as the wind blew the flames in their direction. the lucky ones grabbed a few important things, rushed to their cars and drove away before the flames were too close.

one family, however, waited too long. when they tried to drive to a nearby reservoir, they were trapped in the flames and died in their car.

the fire burned for more than a week and then it got colder, fog rolled in from the ocean and the flame died.

experts say that there have been forest fires for thousands of years. when it is very dry in California and a hot wind blows out of the desert, a burning cigarette that someone has thrown away may be a terrible fire.

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bought and sold goods through a system known as bartering. This meant that they exchanged goods. For example, if someone wanted some tomatoes and had a basket of fruit to offer, he swapped it with someone else who had tomatoes and wanted to get some fruit. An interesting fact is that the word “salary” has its origins in the Latin word for “salt”, which is what the ancient Romans used as a means of payment. One of the first forms of money was actually a type of seashell, the cowry. People in Southeast Asia and parts of Africa used cowries from 1500 BC to 200 AD/ Money, as we know it today, has a very long history. There are several opinions about who the inventors of coins were. Many experts claim that the Lydians, people who lived in the part of the world that is now Turkey, invented the first coins nearly 3000 years ago. Paper money dates back to ancient China. A shortage jf copper made the Chinese start producing money made from paper. The first recorder use of paper money goes back around 1300 years ago. Today money is more paper or metal currency. People have been using credit cards instead of money since the early 1900s. Consumers use cheques to pay for what they have bought, even in supermarkets. Someone can use the internet to pay their household bills. Indeed, today the person can spend vast amounts of money, without even laying their hands on a single coin or banknote!