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The integumentary system
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from damage , comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair and nails).The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof , cushion , and protect the deeper tissues , excrete wastes , and regulate temperature , and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain , sensation , pressure , and temperature.
Layers of the skin.The integumentary system is the largest of the body`s organ systems.In humans , this system accounts for about 12 to 15 percent of total body weight and covers 1.5-2m2 of surface area.It distinguishes , separates , and protects the organism from its surroundings.
The human skin (integument) is composed of a minimum of 3 major layers of tissue: the epidermis; dermis; and hypodermis.The epidermis forms the outermost layer , providing the initial barrier to the external environment.Beneath this , the dermis comprises two sections , the papillary and reticular layers , and contains connective tissues , vessels , glands , follicles , hair roots , sensory nerve endings , and muscular tissue.The deepest layer is the hypodermis , which is primarily made up of adipose tissue.Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the deeper tissue layers.
The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis.All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body.The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body`s first line of defense against infection , temperature change , and other challenges to homeostasis.Functions include:
Protect the body`s internal living tissues and organs.
Protect against invasion by infectious organisms.
Protect the body from dehydration.
Protect the body against abrupt changes in temperature , maintain homeostasis.
Help excrete waste materials through perspiration.
Act as a receptor for touch , pressure , pain , heart , and cold.
Protect the body against sunburns by secreting melanin.
Generate vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet light.
Store water , fat , glucose , and vitamin D.
Maintenance of the body form.
Formation of new cells.
Aid in physical examination as color of the skin may indicate many conditions e.g. it becomes yellowish in jaundice.