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Historians label the period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries as the
‘Renaissance’ – a period of rebirth.
In the Renaissance Period the magnitude of scholarly and artistic activities was
greatly enhanced in Europe. New knowledge was acquired which gave rise to new
technologies, and the Industrial Age soon followed. The Industrial Age developed as
mankind learned to harness the energy created from the burning of hydrocarbons,
such as coal and petroleum. Mechanics emerged as a new science in universities.
Except for the magnetic compass, electric and magnetic energy remained a curi-
osity, having little practical application, until the invention of the battery by Alessan-
dro Volta in 1800. This invention gave scientists a new tool with which to experi-
ment, and soon the laws of electricity and magnetism were discovered.
In 1831 Faraday discovered that rotating a conductor in a magnetic field gave
rise to an electric potential, and the electric generator and motor became a reality.
However, the development of the electric power industry was really spurred by the
invention of a practical incandescent electric light bulb in 1879 by Thomas Edison.
The electrification of cities soon followed. Alternating current and the transformer
allowed electric energy to be transported over large distances, and electrical engineer-
ing as a profession was born. The first professional society for electrical engineers
was founded in 1884.
The discovery of the laws of electricity and magnetism in the 1800s also gave
birth to two new information industries, the telegraph and telephone industries. How-
ever, the electric power industry remained a dominant force in the first half of the 20th
century.
Two new non-electrical information industries were also created in the 1800s through advances in the chemical sciences. The photographic film process was pefected and the photographic industry was born soon to be followed by the motion picture industry.

simultaneously to a filler metal in the form of wire or welding rod, which is melted to the joint. Are welding is the most important welding process for joining steels. It requires a continuous supply of either direct or alternating electrical current. The most widely used are tance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded, the parts are subjected to great pressure, and a heavy current is applied for a short period. Thr point where two metals touch creates resistance to the flow widely employed in many fields of sheet metal or wire manufacturing and is often used for welds made by automatic or semi-automatic machines especially in automobile industry.

always afraid of the dark.He can not a dark room or to dark street without his father or mother.And his father says-You can*t be a pilot,Mark.You can*t fly into space.It is very dark in space and you are afraid of the dark.A pilot must be brave and you are not brave.*Come with me into the dark room.I am not afraid*,says Mark.*No,no,*says his faher.*You must go there without me.You must stay there for ten minutes.*Mark daesn*t want to go there.But he wants to be a pilot very much.And he goes into the dark room and stays there for ten minutes.Father is happy.His son is a brave boy.Mark is happy,too.He knows that he can be a pilot and fly into space.

morning.

2. When I saw him, his clothes (to be) dirty as he (to work) in the garden since morning. 3. Where is Nick? He (to buy) a book now.

4. Every day she (to write) letters and (to send) cables.

5. When I came back home my son (to draw) something.

6. He (to paint) the picture by the end of June.

7. We already (to discuss) the plan when he (to come).

8. They (to be) students now.

9. It’s a pity, but I (not to finish) the work.

10. We just (to discuss) the mistakes in our works.

11. He never (to be) to St. Petersburg.

12. My friend (to leave) for Moscow tomorrow at 5 o’clock p.m..

13. When (to be) you there last?

collection of the Hermitage (to attract) very many people every year. The must (to have) the largest collection of paintings by Impressionist artists. Among the most famous exhibits (to be) two madonnas by Leonardo da Vinci.

I (to be) to this museum and (to call on) the Director of the Hermitage. He (to say): "We (to have) over 2.500.000 exhibits If somebody (to want) to look for a minute at each exhibit in our 400 rooms it (to take) him 12 years to see all the exhibits."

I (to be) to this museum and (to call on) the Director of the Hermitage. He (to say): "We (to have) over 2.500.000 exhibits If somebody (to want) to look for a minute at each exhibit in our 400 rooms it (to take) him 12 years to see all the exhibits."

This is how we (to get) paintings by Rembrandt. Rubens and Van Dyck.

Our French impressionists (to come) from private collections.

After the Revolution part of the collection (to go) to the Pushkin Museum.