3. Дополните предложения, употребив прилагательные в скобках в превосходной степени.

KINGDOM

1. Britons, and the English in particular, are notoriously undemonstrative. The “stuff upper lip” is not just the stuff of fiction and emotional displays, positive or negative, are generally frowned upon. Gestures such as backslapping and hugging are discouraged and a wide distance should be maintained between participants in a conversation. Maintaining eye contact may be necessary when you are trying to emphasize important points but you must avoid any temptation to “eye-ball”. Talking loudly is unacceptable and shouting is beyond the pale. Some old-fashioned interlocutors may not hear you if you have your hands in your pockets. The British do not gesticulate frantically.

2. Introductions can be tricky. Ideally the British prefer third-party introductions but in certain situations, like a drinks party, it may not always be possible and, though awkward, you may just have to go ahead and introduce yourself. Firm handshakes are the norm as part of a formal introduction but may not be expected at subsequent meetings or on social occasions; a gentleman should always wait for a woman to proffer her hand before squeezing it gently. The continental habit of exchanging kisses has gained currency especially amongst the young and the affected but is not recommended for visitors – even the natives are unsure of the correct procedure.

3. “How do you do?” is a greeting not a question. It is used when people are introduced for the first time only and the correct response is to repeat “How do you do?” which is a more or less sincere enquiry as to your well-being.

4. This emotional detachment or even apparent indifference also explains the British abhorrence of Americanisms such as “Have a nice day”. The objection lies not in the sentiment itself but in the lack of sincerity that is implied to the stand-offish British mentality.

5. If the British use few words, it is because they prefer to mean those they do use. They are polite and courteous for the most part. They expect to be treated with respect, in turn for which they will treat you with respect, so: – if there is a queue, go to the back of the line and wait patiently; - do not use the “V” – sign (raising the index and middle fingers) unless you are sure which is the Churchillian version signifying peace or victory (palm outwards); the use of the alternative version (palm inwards) is less common nowadays but is still vulgar and offensive.

6. A service charge of 10-15 % is almost always included in hotel and restaurant bills and you should be wary of establishments that leave the credit card slip open for you to include an additional contribution (if you wish to reward exceptional service give cash directly to the staff). Do not tip bar staff in pubs where there is no table service. Otherwise taxi drivers (especially in London), hairdressers, porters, etc. will expect 10-15 % or a couple of pounds, whichever is the greater.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What kind of people are Britons?

2. What kind of introductions do the British prefer?

3. What does “How do you do?” mean in Britain?

4. What are the norms of public behaviour in Britain?

Yes, (he bought a red tie)

Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения. 1. Steel made the cars much lighter and safer than the old wooden cars. 2. Railway transport is one of the cheapest ways of transporting freight over long distances. 3. It is more convenient to carry these goods by lorry than by rail.
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Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени. 1. Railways are the (important) form of transport in Russia. 2. The cars that are built today become (comfortable). 3. Our (good) diesel locomotive develops a speed of 170 km per hour. Задание 3. Перепишите и переведите предложения. Определите форму (Present, Past, Future) и функцию (основной, вспомогательный, модальный) глаголов TO BE и TO HAVE. Подчеркните эти глаголы в английском варианте. 1. The railways were invented before the age of steam. 2. A railway track is steel rails on wooden sleepers (шпалы) 3. Nowadays various machines have replaced hard manual labor. 4. Train No3 is to arrive at platform 2. 5. The civil engineers are trying to find out the most suitable route.
Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Simple) (Present, Past, Future) в действительном и страдательном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременную форму и залог. 1. For many years engineers tried to find a new material for making sleepers (шпалы). 2. Some changes were made in the original design. 3. We find a lot of information about this invention on the Internet.
Задание 5. Перепишите и переведите текст.
George Stephenson
George Stephenson was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. G.Stephenson was born in Wylam, 9.3 miles (15km) west of Newcastle. His father was a fireman, earning a very low wage, so there was no money for schooling. At the age of 17, Stephenson became an engineman. He realized the value of education and paid to study at night school to learn reading, writing and arithmetic. In1802 he moved to Willington Quay where he worked as a brakeman, made shoes and mended clocks to supplement his income. In 1811 the pumping engine at his work was not working properly and Stephenson offered to fix it. He did so with such success that he was promoted to maintain and repair all the colliery engines. He became an expert in steam-driven machinery.
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Stephenson designed his first locomotive in 1814. The locomotive could haul 30 tons of coal up a hill at 4mph (6.4 km/h). The new engines were too heavy to run on wooden rails, and iron rails were in their infancy, with cast iron exhibiting excessive brittleness. Stephenson improved the design of cast-iron rails to reduce breakage and managed to solve the problem caused by the weight of the engine on the primitive rails. The years between 1830-1840 were the busiest in Stephenson life. Many of the first American railroad builders came to Newcastle to learn from Stephenson. But G. Stephenson cannot claim to have invented the locomotive. Richard Trevithick deserves that credit. But Stephenson was the first to suggest the standard gauge, sometimes called “Stephenson gauge” which is now used throughout the world. As a tribute to his life and works, a bronze statue was unveiled at Chesterfield railway station in the town where Stephenson spent the last ten years of his life. G.Stephenson died aged 67, on 12 August 1848 in Chesterfield.
Задание 6. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста. Используйте фразы: It is right. It is wrong. Исправьте неверные утверждения. 1. G.Stephenson was an American civil and mechanical engineer. 2. He became an expert in steam-driven machinery. 3. Stephenson designed his first locomotive in 1824. 4. His first locomotive could haul 30 tons of coal

1. That was a long story.

2. The leaf of this tree is yellow.

3. Is this a man or a woman?

4. There is a child in the garden.

Задание 2. Перепишите предложения, употребив прилагательные в нужной степени сравнения. Переведите предложения.

1. Which is (large): the United States or Cana­da?

2. What is the name of the (big) port in the United States?

3. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia.

4. The London underground is the (old) in the world.

5. There is a (great) number of cars and buses in the streets of Moscow than in any other city of Russia.

6. St. Petersburg is one of the (beau­tiful) cities in the world.

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения, подчеркнув в них местоимения. Укажите разряд местоимений. Переведите предложения.

1. Who can better know my weakness than I?

2. He has never got anything interesting to say.

3. None of those dogs are ours.

4. The child fell and hurt himself badly.

Задание 4. Перепишите предложения, раскрыв скобки и употребив глаголы в соответствующей временной форме группы.

1. He (to spend) last summer in the country.

2. He (not to spend) last summer in the country.

3. He (to spend) last summer in the country?

4. Where he (to spend) last summer?

5. She (to help) mother yesterday.

6. She (not to help) moth­er yesterday.

7. She (to help) mother yesterday?

8. How she (to help) mother yesterday?

9. Kate (to cook) dinner every day.

10. Kate (to cook) dinner tomorrow.

11. Kate (to cook) dinner now.

12. Kate (to cook) dinner yesterday.

Задание 5. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

В следующем году мой старший сын будет изучать иностранный язык. Вы часто ходите в театр? – Я люблю театр, но в прошлом году я не посмотрел ни одного представления. Кем была переведена эта статья? – Статью перевел наш лучший переводчик два дня назад. Как часто приносят письма? – Их всегда приносят утром.

Задание 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present, Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous.

1. Look at these children: they (to skate) very well.

2. You (to skate) last Sunday? — Yes, we (to skate) the whole day last Sunday. We (to skate) again next Sunday.

3. My brother can skate very well. He (to skate) every Sunday. 4. What you (to do) now? — I (to wash) the dishes.

5. What you (to do) at three o'clock yesterday? — I (to have) din­ner.

6. You (to have) dinner now?

7. Where your brother (to work)? — He (to work) at an institute.

8. Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday?

9. What your brother (to do) to­morrow?

10. I (not to go) to the shop yesterday. I (to go) to the shop tomorrow.

Задание 7. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст:

Healthy Food

Eating is fun, especially when you are hungry. Most people have a favourite food. Some people enjoy eating sweet things like cakes, chocolates and ice cream. Other people enjoy savoury foods like cheese and meet. Enjoying eating is our body’s way of making sure that is gets the things it needs to work properly. Food helps us to keep warm, talk, run and do all the other things we do. It helps us to grow and stay healthy. Vitamins also help us to be healthy. Scientists name vitamins after the alphabet. All of them are very important, for example: vitamin C keeps our skin and gums healthy. It is found in fresh fruit and green vegetables, such as oranges, blackcurrants, lettuce. Brussels sprouts and spinach also contain a lot of vitamin C. Vitamin D helps our bones to grow strong and hard, and we are able to make it for ourselves if our skin gets enough sunlight. But we can also get vitamin D if we eat fish, milk, butter, cheese and margarine. Some people buy pills and tablets containing vitamins. But most of us get more than enough of them from our food.

Задание 8. Прочитайте текст и соотнесите заголовки с параграфами

The vitamin to make your hard. Tastes differ. You can’t live without food. Vitamins and the ABC.

Задание 9. Ответьте, верны ли эти предложения.

When we enjoy eating our body gets everything to work well. ______ To get vitamins you need to buy pills. ______ Vitamin C is important for our skin. ______ You can get vitamin D only when eating special food. ______

(convenient) than the single track railways if the traffic on these lines is very heavy.

When you (to see) your friends last?

The lecture (not to begin) yet and the students are talking loudly I (to be) in London three years ago.

I (not to speak) to him about it yesterday.

The delegation just (to arrive) in Moscow.

You ever (to be) to St. Petersburg?

Напишите следующие предложения в Future Indefinite, используя соответствующие обстоятельства времени.

I usually go for a walk after supper.

Helen gives private lessons.

When does he go to the country?

We don’t often take Jane for a picnic.

They are usually free on Friday.

Bob doesn’t attend his English lessons.