Реферат на тему флора и фауна,на английском языке.

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Akomarov2003

03 июля 2013 г., 23:50:13 (10 лет назад)

Australian kingdom is highly endemic flora. There is growing 12,049 species of vascular plants, of which 75% are endemic. Almost the entire race eucalyptus (600 species), Acacia phyllodes (280 species), casuarina (about 25 species), banksias (46 species), the so-called herbal trees and many others do not occur outside the Australian kingdom.
In Australia, there are almost no plants with succulent fruits. Australian flora devoid of wild, enrich the cultural flora valuable food plants. However, Australia home to more drought-resistant trees and shrubs, common here in cultures around the world (eucalyptus, acacia, casuarina, etc.).
Among flowering plants most widely represented of the legume family and myrtle, in each of which there are more than 1000 species. Of the myrtle family deserves attention genus eucalyptus, numbering only in the mainland area of ​​more than 400 species.
Among the legume genus Acacia stands, numbering nearly 500 species. Characteristic morphological feature of these species are branched stalks, takes the shape of the leaf blade and called phyllodes. Shares compound leaf acacia with the onset of drought quickly fading as phyllodes remain on the stem and it goes function of assimilation.
Casuarina typical flora of Australia.
Ksantoreya or "herbal trees" Endemic flora of Australia. Belongs to the family Liliaceae. Widespread (especially in the mainland area) of the orchid family, representing nearly 400 species. In addition to epiphytic orchids grow here many terrestrial forms. Of the 26 species of palms, almost all distributed along the eastern and northern coast of the mainland.
Cereals as part of the grass cover grains play an important role, many of which are endemic. Such are a few types of treble, known as "mitchelovoy grass." Due to its high feed properties and high resistance to drought mitchelova grass is valued as a pasture plant.
The most important feature of the Australian fauna is its insular character: the fauna of this area, firstly, the poor, and secondly, different ancient and profound endemism. Due to the insular position in the area of ​​its fauna preserved relic group of animals such as the monotremes (egg-laying). Only in this area marsupials presented exceptionally rich, with a large suborder Diprotodontia - is endemic. Endemic detachment Australian ostrich, which include emus and cassowaries, as well as of the lungfish - rogozuboobraznyh.
Prototheria are endemic to one subclass of monotremes, which included two families: the platypus and echidna. Platypus inhabit South Australia and Tasmania, and two kinds of echidnas are found in New Guinea and Australia-wide, except for deserts.
The most typical feature of the fauna of this area - the diversity and richness of the order of marsupials: here, about 8 families, 50 genera (162 species).
At present, the mammal fauna of Australia strongly altered by humans as a result of deforestation, burning bush, acclimatization of European species. In general, in Australia there are at least 230 mammals natives, of which the share of higher (rodents and bats) account for almost half of the species.
Australian bird kingdom represented by a large (approximately 600) number of species, more than 400 of them - are endemic. Of large flightless birds are presented Casuariiformes squad. On the mainland and Tasmania - emu family, which lives in steppes and savannas. Cassowaries (3 types) - Ground massive birds, distributed mainly in New Guinea and parts of the north-eastern part of the continent.
Lyrebirds. Scrubbird. Birds of Paradise. Bower birds, or birds besedkovye. Weed chickens. Parrots: cockatoos; Rosella, budgie. Kingfishers.
The fauna of reptiles has an insular character. About 400 species of reptiles inhabit this realm, lizards, 240 species, 140 species of snakes, 10 species of turtles, and 3 types of crocodiles.
Fauna of amphibians is characterized by the complete absence of salamanders, and among tailless allocated mainly whistlers, frog and toad. There are 56 species of whistleblowers frogs in Australia and New Guinea - 44 species.
In Australia, as well as in Africa preserved the ancient relict group lungfish with a single predstavitelem- Queensland lungfish. This large (do175sm to 10kg) fish inhabits slow flowing rivers north-east of the mainland.
Invertebrates Australian kingdom less diverse than, for example, in Southeast Asia. However, here are the largest family of earthworms megaskoletsid (up to 2.5 m), which are widespread in the tropics are unique among insects green ants tailors who for stitching nest of leaves as "needles" use their own larvae. As in other arid areas, where there are honey ants. Butterflies are gorgeous (cavaliers et al.) Are found only in the north-east of the mainland. A lot of the family Lepidoptera moths. Detachment Orthoptera represented by many species, especially locusts.