Design a new model of a robot.Ask each other the following questions

язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение придаточных предложений.

Transistor, resistor, capacitor, contractor, processor.

LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION IN ELECTRONICS

The most advancing technology of the present industrial age is that of electronics. The introduction of the transistor in its day seemed a marvel of compactness compared with the glass vacuum tube. Now the size of electronic devices has been reduced by 10 every five years which has led to a great compression. When the term microelectronics first came into use, a chip of silicon a tenth of a square inch might hold 10 to 20 transistors, together with a few diodes, capacitors and resistors. Now such chips can contain thousands of separate electronic components.

Before the appearance of the transistor each type of component in an electronic circuit was made from one or more materials with the required electrical characteristics. For example, carbon was used for resistors, ceramics and a dielectric for capacitors, tungsten for emitters in vacuum tubes and so on. These components were then used like building blocks in creating a circuit with specified characteristics and responses. Circuits were combined into systems, such as a radio transmitter, a radio receiver, a radar set or a computer.

From the earliest days electronics has been a technology of complex interconnections. A small radar set can easily have as many interconnections as an oil refinery. To simplify a system design and reduce the number of interconnections engineers developed a series of standard circuit modules. Each module performed a specific function and was used as logical building block for creating the systems. The transistor could readily be assembled with resistors and capacitors of about the same size on a small plastic board. These modular circuit boards of the size of a playing card could then be plugged together as needed.

As transistor technology developed it was important to decrease the size of components and the length of interconnections. The physical limit of finding room for connections in an ever decreasing area was fast approaching. This limitation and the complexity of system design made the search for a new technology imperative.

The technology that resulted was microelectronics embodied in the integrated circuit. It made possible to produce (as a part of a single chip of silicon) transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors joining them into a complete circuit.

The technology that produces such high-density electronic circuits is called large-scale integration, or LSI. Although the term has no precise definition, it is usually reserved for integrated circuits that comprise 100 or more “gates”, or individual circuit functions, with a density of 50,000 to 100,000 components per square inch. If the upper value could be achieved throughout a cubic inch of material, the density of electronic components would be about a fourth of the density of nerve cells in the human brain.

It now seems inevitable that microelectronic circuits, including LSI, will soon find their way into a variety of new applications which will have great impact on industry and everyday life.

your own ones.

Dear Editor,
I really don't think that readers need your journal any more. In your articles you write about new achievements of scientists and about all those "man made wonders". I'm strongly against the propaganda of technological progress. It has done people more harm than good. It has created the nuclear bomb, it has made lots of animal species extinct, and now it's destroying the ozone layer and causing global warming. It will bring us to collapse very soon.
I demand that scientific research of any kind should be prohibited, and journals like yours should be closed. People need fresh air and clean water and don't need any technological progress.
Sincerely your,
John Lester

Useful language
Achievements in medicine make it possible for people to live longer.
Different devices are able to sustain people's life during operations.
Household appliances have altered our lifestyle considerably.
Efficient means of transport and communication can bring together people who are separated by the ocean.
Computers and robots accelerate research in the ocean and the cosmos.

Dear Mr Lester
I've read your letter on the technological progress but cannot agree with you. Though technology affects nature and the environment, it would be unfair to say that they don't do people anything good.

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However,you are right that we should do something to stop the negative effects of the technological progress. We all need to think about it and be reasonable and constructive.
Regards,
Railya.

задание : complet e the sentences below with
words from the box.
mammal
species
cell
environment
composition
threatened
adapt
diseases
crops
building blocks
1 Unfortunately, the growth of cities
often means wildlife is
with extinction.
2 A is an animal that feeds its
babies milk.
3 Farmers that grow like
cereals and vegetables normally have to
work very hard.
4 The smallest, basic structural and functional
unit of life is a
5 Serious illnesses are known as ..
6 What something is made of is its
Z It's amazing how animals can
to changes in their living conditions.
8 There are many different
of butterfly.
9 Humankind's actions have often had a
negative effect on the
10 The most basic parts of something can be
called . Сам текст :I am writing this letter to welcome all of you
who are about to begin your first year course in
Biology here at the university. You might think
it is a little early for me to ask you to think
about what you will do when you leave here in
three years' time. However, our science, like
any other, has so many different areas it is
impossible for you to study them all. The first
thing you will need to think about is
specialising. This letter is to offer you some
suggestions to think about for your future.
As you know, there are four main areas of
biology that we shall concentrate on in the
coming years. Biology can be divided into
zoology, the study of animal life, and botany,
the study of plant life. We shall also study
molecular biology, the study of how the
building blocks of living things, the cells, work.
Another topic of interest is genetics, how
biological information is passed on from one generation to the next: that is, inheritance. You
should specialise, but you will also need to
know about all of these four areas of study.
Plants and animals do not live separately from
each other; all living things are made up of cells
and one of the things genetics tells us is how
plants and animals adapt to the conditions
around them.
So what about after the course is over and you
have graduated in Biology? Can you have a
career in biology? For those who choose to
specialise in genetics or molecular biology
there are important career opportunities in
medicine. At the present time, there is a great
deal of research going on in gene therapy where
biologists are working with doctors and
chemists to find new ways of treating diseases.
Other biologists are looking at ways of changing
the genetic composition of the plants we grow
for food; of making them more able to fight
diseases and at the same time produce
more food.
We are experiencing a period of climatic change
too, and this is having an effect on the way
animals and plants live. The science of ecology
is becoming more and more important;
biologists who specialise in zoology are working
in many parts of the world. Some are working to
protect species like the tiger, which are
seriously threatened by climate change. Others
are investigating wildlife from the smallest
insects to the largest mammals, trying to
understand how they all live together. Botanists
are looking at the effect new types of food crops
have on the environment and how changes in
that area can affect our general health. There is
even a new area of biology called astrobiology,
which is looking at the possibilities of life on
other planets - but perhaps that is something
for the more distant future.
Whatever you specialise in, as long as there is
life on this (or any other) planet, there is work
for a biologist.
Good luck and enjoy your studies!
Jean Shearer
Professor of Biology
Задание 2 : E Comprehension
Read the text and answer the questions
in your own words.
1 What four areas can biology be divided into?
2 If you are interested in cells, which area
should you study?
3 How can zoologists help animals in the wild?
4 In what way can botanists protect people and
the environment?
5 What is astrobiology?

leaving the school when a man came up to her. 3. A new school will soon be built for the children of our district. 4. The music school was still being built in our street when I came - 64 -back from the army. 5. Some members of the British Parliament seemed asleep; others were talking to those who were sitting next to them. Members were coming in and out all the time and the bill was still being discussed. 6. The bell rang up but the texts were still being translated. 7. While an electric current is flowing, the wire is being heated. 8. This house was made of wood. 9. The delegation will be met at the station. 10. Peter was told to come near the table and sit down. 11. We have been told that he lives in Moscow. 12. My friend was offered a job at a mine. 13. A new film was being shown when we came to the cinema. 14. The house has been reconstructed this year. 15. The report will be followed by a discussion. 16. The book was looked for everywhere. 17. He was interested in these events. 18. They were solving a problem when I entered the room. 19. We have seen this film this week. 20. We saw this film yesterday. 21. My father has been working at the mine for 25 years. 22. This report has been listened to with great attention. 23. I must go as I am being waited for