Read and translate the text. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TELEPHONE SYSTEMS. The word telephone comes from the Greek words tele, meaning

ate answer sheet. Peacekeeping Wherever there is conflict in the world and enemies have agreed to let a third party or neutral force come in to try and maintain the peace, it is usually the familiar blue helmets of the United Nations that we see on the scene. (D The actual definition of peacekeeping is a bit unclear and it was never written into the original U N Charter, but it goes something like «using military personnel f r om different countries under the command of the U N to control and resolve armed conflicts either between or within states». Peacekeeping is neither just finding out the facts nor full-scale military intervention, but something in between. Over the last ten years it has become clear that for peacekeeping to work certain things must already be in place — the conflicts must actually have finished and there must be a genuine desire for peace on both sides. The peacekeeping force must have clear international support and a mandate that shows it is strictly neutral; and it needs adequate resources to do the job. (2) There have been 56 U N peacekeeping operations in total since 1948, although over 30 of those have happened since 1990. Two of these operations have in fact never stopped since 1948: the interventions in the Arab/Israeli conflict following the foundation of the state of Israel, and in the dispute between Pakistan and India over the Kashmir region. Another that has been going on for over forty years is on the divided island of Cyprus, where peace has been maintained between Greek and Turkish Cypriots since March 1964. (3) There are different types of intervention, some more discrete than others: Observation/monitoring only, for example of Cuban troops leaving Angola or of the Iran-Iraq ceasefire in 1991. Assisting a country to independence, for example in Namibia 1978— 1989. Armed intervention, for example in the Suez Canal region 1956—1967 to keep Egypt and Israel apart and supervise the withdrawal of troops f r om the UK, France and Israel. (4) They are professional soldiers, civilian police and m i l i t a r y observers f r o m any member country of the U N . These countries also p r o v i d e supplies, transp o r t a t i o n , telecommunications, and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e help, amongst other t h i n g s . (5) Somalia was the first b i g f a i l u r e f o r U N i n t e r v e n t i o n in 1992. In Srebrenica in 1994, a Dutch force under U N command failed to p r e v e n t a massacre of the local population, and in R w a n d a in the same year there was fullscale genocide of nearly a million people, despite a peacekeeping force of 5,000. Four U N missions to A n g o l a failed to stop civil war breaking out again and again. I t seems only if there is a real will to t u r n away f r o m w a r , can peacekeepers be e f f e c t i v e . T h e attack on U N headquarters in Baghdad in 2003 has also called into question the respect f o r being impartial which the o r g a n i z a t i o n t h o u g h t it had. N e v e r t h e l e s s , most people agree that the w o r l d still needs some kind of neutral body, backed by f o r c e i f necessary, f o r helping f o r m e r enemies make the transition f r o m w a r to peace. A W h o A r e the Peacekeepers? В Some Success Stories C W h a t Is It? D W h o Pays? E A r e A l l U N Peacekeeping Missions Similar? F T h e Future G H o w L o n g Has I t Been G o i n g on? H D i d n ' t Peacekeeping Get a Bad N a m e in the 1990s?