модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты we had to walk home because the iast but had gone

this text by 8 o'clock.

-Are you glad to see me ? -Yes,
-Have you any children?-Yes,
-Is this a hospital?-Yes,
-What is hear name?-Her name
-Are they really twins?-Yes,
-Have we enough time?-No,
-Has the dog its master?-No,
помогите пжл срочно надо ,заранее спасиб

1. He may stay here for some time. 2. She can’t find a good answer. 3. We are to repeat this rule. 4. They must attend lectures on English literature. 5. He had to finish this work in time. 6. May I have a look at it? – No, you mustn’t. 7. . You ought to help your sister in English. 8. We were able to finish this work in time. 9. Shall we have to go to the library today? - No, you needn’t. 10. You should buy a new coat for your sister.

1) Can you swim? 2) I can get only one ticket. 3) He can't play football. 4) May I smoke here? 5) May I eat all the apples? 6) You mustn't go home alone. 7) Must I write the exercise? 8) He had to wait for an hour. 9) What did you have to do when the teacher came? 10) You should go to the doctor. 10) You should go to the doctor. 11) You ought to repair the tape-recorder. 12) We are to come here in time.

There is no way
that economics can be used to show that one of these normative judgements is
correct and the other is wrong. It all depends on the preferences or priorities
of the individual or the society that has to make this choice. But that does
not mean that economics can throw no light on normative issues. Macroeconomics.
The overall picture Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole.
Macroeconomics is concerned not with the details - the price of cigarettes
relative to the price of bread, or the output of cars relative to the output of
steel - but with the overall picture. We shall study issues such as the
determination of total output of the economy, the aggregate level of
unemployment, and the rate of inflation or growth of prices of goods and
services as a whole. The distinction between microeconomics and macroeconomics
is more than difference between economics in the small and economics in the
large, which the Greek prefixes micro- and macro- suggest. The purpose of the
analysis is also different. A model is a deliberate simplification to enable us
to pick out the key elements of a problem and think about them clearly.
Although we could study the whole economy by piecing together our microeconomic
analysis of each and every market, the resulting model would be so cumbersome
that it would be hard to keep track of all the economic forces at work.
Microeconomics and macroeconomics take different approaches to keep the
analysis manageable. Microeconomics places the emphasis on a detailed
understanding of particular markets. To achieve this amount of detail or
magnification, many of the interactions with other markets are suppressed. In
saying that a tax on cars reduces the equilibrium quantity of cars we ignore
the question of what the government does with the tax revenue. If the
government has to borrow less money, it is possible that interest rates and
exchange rate will fall and that improved international competitiveness of UK
car producers will actually increase the equilibrium output of cars in the UK.

Microeconomics
is a bit like looking at a horse race through a pair of binoculars. It is great
for details, but sometimes we get a clearer picture of the whole race by using
the naked eye. Because macroeconomics is concerned primarily with the
interaction of different parts of the economy, it relies on a different
simplification to keep the analysis manageable. Macroeconomics simplifies the
building blocks in order to focus on how they fit together and influence one
another.

Positive And
Normative Economics In studying economics it is important to distinguish two
branches of the subject. The first is known as 'positive economics', the second
as "normative economics" Positive economics deals with objective or
scientific explanations of the working of the economy. The aim of positive
economics is to explain how society makes decisions about consumption,
production, and exchange of goods. The purpose of this investigation is
twofold: to satisfy our curiosity about why the economy works as it does, and
to have some basis for predicting how the economy will respond to changes in
circumstances. Normative economics is very different. Normative economics
offers prescript ions or recommendations based on personal value judgements. In
positive economics, we hope to act as detached scientists. Whatever our
political persuasion, whatever our view about what we would like to happen or
what we would regard as 'a good thing', in the first instance we have to be
concerned with how the world actually works. At this stage, there is no scope
for personal value judgements. We are concerned with propositions of the form:
if this is changed then that will happen. In this regard, positive economics is
similar to the natural sciences such as physics, geology, or astronomy. Here
are some examples of positive good will rise. The normative question of whether
this price rise is desirable is entirely distinct. Similarly, there would be
substantial agreement that the following proposition of positive economics is
correct: favourable weather conditions will increase wheat output, reduce the
price of wheat, and increase the consumption of wheat.

Many proposi
tions in positive economics would command widespread agreement among
professional economists. Of course, as in any other science, there are
unresolved questions where disagreement remains. These disagreements are at the
frontiers of economics. Research in progress will resolve some of these issues
but new issues will arise and provide scope for further research. Although
competent and comprehensive research can in principle resolve many of the
outstanding issues in positive economics, no corresponding claim can be made
about the resolution of disagreement in normative economics. Normative
economics is based on subjective value judgements, not on the search for any
objective truth. The following statement combines positive and normative
economics: 'The elderly have very high medical expenses compared with the rest
of the population, and the government should subsidise health bills of the
aged. The first part of the proposition - the claim that the aged have
relatively high medical bills - is a statement in positive economics. It is a
statement about how the world works, and we can imagine a research programme
that could determine whether or not it is correct. Broadly speaking, this
assertion happens to be correct. The second part of the proposition - the
recommendation about what the government should do - could never be 'proved to
be correct or false by any scientific research investigation. It is simply a
subjective value judgement based on the feelings of the person making the
statement. Many people can share this subjective judgement, for example those
people who believe that all citizens alive today should be able to purchase
roughly equal amounts of luxury and recreational goods after paying for the
necessities of life. But other people might reasonably disagree. You might
believe that it is more important to devote society's scarce resources to
improving the environment.